Voltammetric Determination of Neonicotinoid Pesticides at Disposable Screen‐Printed Sensors Featuring a Sputtered Bismuth Electrode

Abstract

This work reports the determination of 5 neonicotinoid pesticides (Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Nitenpyram and Dinotefuran) in water samples by cathodic differential pulse (DP) voltammetry at screen‐printed disposable sensors featuring a sputtered bismuth thick‐film working electrode, a Ag reference electrode and a carbon counter electrode. The performance of the bismuth thick‐film electrodes was compared to that of a home‐made bismuth thin‐film electrode and a bismuth‐bulk electrode. The electrodes were further characterized by electrochemical and optical techniques. The effect of the pH of the supporting electrolyte on the DP reduction currents of the 5 pesticides was studied. The limits of quantification (LOQs) in 4 water matrices (distilled water, tap water, mineral water and surface water) were in the range 0.76 to 2.10 mg L−1 but severe matrix effects were observed in the analysis of mineral and, especially, surface water samples. Using a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Lichrolut EN cartridges and elution with methanol, the matrix effects were substantially reduced and the LOQs were in the range 9 to 17 µg L−1. The recoveries of surface water samples spiked with the 5 target neonicotinoids at two concentration levels (20 and 50 µg L−1) were in the range 89 to 109 % and the % relative standard deviations ranged from 4.3 to 7.2 %.

Selective Detection of Dopamine in the Presence of Uric Acid Using NiO Nanoparticles Decorated on Graphene Nanosheets Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes

“…High DA levels have been observed in patients with poor gastrointestinal function, autism, mood swings, aggression, psychosis,a nxiety,h yperactivity, and children with attention disorders.T oo little DA in the motor areas of the brain are responsible for Parkinson's disease [4][5][6].Adeclinei nD Al evels in the thinking areas of the brain is linked to cognitive problems (learning and memory deficits), poor concentration, difficulty initiating or completing tasks,i mpaired ability to "lock onto" tasks, activities,o rc onversations,l ack of energy, lack of motivation,i nability to "feel alive", addictions, compulsions,al oss of satisfaction in activities which previously pleased you, and slowed motorm ovements [7]. For example,t hey do not exhibit ar eproducible area and as table behavior.T hus,i ti ss tille xtremely desired to explore novel electrode for simultaneous determinationo f DA and UA [22].In recenty ears,s creen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have attracted considerable attention because they generally offer beneficial attributeso ver the traditional electrodes, such as they are inexpensive,r apid, reliable,s imple and capable of mass production which offert rue potential for application in electrochemicals ensing [23,24].B ut, the use of the SPEs for simultaneous determination of DA and UA has been rarely reported, since the unmodified SPEs are unable to discriminate signals of DA and UA. Amongt hem, electrochemical methodh as been drawn tremendous attention due to their high sensitivity, easy operation, and low-cost [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].H owever,amajor obstacle usually encountered in the detection of DA is the coexistence of UA in high relative concentrations.U Ai st he end product of purine metabolism in humansa nd its unusual concentration levels may lead to severald iseases such as hyperuricemia, gout and pneumonia [21].T herefore,t hese molecules are oxidizeda ta lmost the same potential at the traditional electrode resultingi nt he overlap of voltammetric response.T os olvet his problem, various chemically modified electrodes using carbon nanomaterials,m etal nanoparticles,m etal complexes and conducting polymers have been used for the simultaneous determinationo fD Aa nd UA.A lthought hesem odifiede lectrodes have shown improved sensitivity and selectivity compared with the traditional electrodes,t hey suffer from somei mpediment.…”

Rapid and Easy Detection of Deoxynivalenol on a Bismuth Oxide Screen‐printed Electrode

“…Theu se of bismuth-based electrodes in electroanalysis has been increasing as an adequate alternativet ot he very toxic mercury electrodes.T hese electrodesa re versatile in design and applicability.B ismuth can be incorporated in workinge lectrodes by different mechanismsa nd chemical forms,a st he bismuth oxide.B esides, bismuth electrodes can be constructed on different substrates with high adaptability in size and shape [15,16].B ismuth electrodes are widely employed for the development of stripping voltammetric methodsf or tracem etal determination. Bismuth based electrodes have been also used for the analysis of organic compounds [15],a sf or example,e cotoxic nitrophenols [17],n icotinoid pesticides containinganitro group [18],p aracetamol and caffein [19],t he oral anticoagulanta cenocoumarol [20] or biomoleculesa sg lutathione and folic acid [21] or riboflavin [22].T oour knowledge,t here are not published studies on the redox behaviour of DON on bismuth electrodes.I nt he present work we have studiedt he electrochemical response of DON on screen-printede lectrodes (SPEs) modified with Bi 2 O 3 . Fort his purpose,c yclic voltammetric and DPV studies have been carried out using these disposable devices.…”

“…Bismuth electrodes are widely employed for the development of stripping voltammetric methods for trace metal determination. Bismuth based electrodes have been also used for the analysis of organic compounds , as for example, ecotoxic nitrophenols , nicotinoid pesticides containing a nitro group , paracetamol and caffein , the oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol or biomolecules as glutathione and folic acid or riboflavin . To our knowledge, there are not published studies on the redox behaviour of DON on bismuth electrodes.…”

Factors Affecting the Process of Anodic Dissolution Under Electropolishing Conditions by Adsorption of Polymers Molecules on Carbon Steel Surface

“…Mass-transport limitations for the anode are commonly believed to be responsible for anodic corrosion and this theory is supported by the observation in many experimental systems of polishing for anodic dissolution with a limiting-current plateau [4][5][6][7][8].…”