Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea

Rubin, K. H.; Soule, S. A.; Chadwick, William W.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Clague, David A.; Embley, R. W.; Baker, Edward T.; Perfit, Michael R.; Caress, David W.; Dziak, Robert P.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.12

Cited by 109 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…• 50 N experienced two welldocumented volcanic eruptions in 1991-1992 (Haymon et al 1993;Rubin et al 1994;Gregg et al 1996) and 2005(Tolstoy et al 2006Cowen et al 2007;Soule et al 2007;Goss et al 2010), which both occurred as multiple discrete episodes over the course of several months (Rubin et al 1994(Rubin et al , 2012. The estimated volume of erupted lavas in 2005-2006 was ∼4-5 times larger than that erupted in 1991-1992 (Soule et al 2007).…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of melt along the East Pacific Rise from 9°30′ to 10°N from an amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) technique

et al. 2015

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S U M M A R YWe examine along-axis variations in melt content of the axial magma lens (AML) beneath the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) using an amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) crossplotting method applied to multichannel seismic data acquired in 2008. The AVA crossplotting method, which has been developed for and, so far, applied for hydrocarbon prospection in sediments, is for the first time applied to a hardrock environment. We focus our analysis on 2-D data collected along the EPR axis from 9• 29.8 N to 9• 58.4 N, a region which encompasses the sites of two well-documented submarine volcanic eruptions (1991-1992 and 2005-2006). AVA crossplotting is performed for a ∼53 km length of the EPR spanning nine individual AML segments (ranging in length from ∼3.2 to 8.5 km) previously identified from the geometry of the AML and disruptions in continuity. Our detailed analyses conducted at 62.5 m interval show that within most of the analysed segments melt content varies at spatial scales much smaller (a few hundred of metres) than the length of the fine-scale AML segments, suggesting high heterogeneity in melt concentration. At the time of our survey, about 2 yr after the eruption, our results indicate that the three AML segments that directly underlie the 2005-2006 lava flow are on average mostly molten. However, detailed analysis at finer-scale intervals for these three segments reveals AML pockets (from >62.5 to 812.5 m long) with a low melt fraction. The longest such mushy section is centred beneath the main eruption site at ∼9• 50.4 N, possibly reflecting a region of primary melt drainage during the 2005-2006 event. The complex geometry of fluid flow pathways within the crust above the AML and the different response times of fluid flow and venting to eruption and magma reservoir replenishment may contribute to the poor spatial correlation between incidence of hydrothermal vents and presence of highly molten AML. The presented results are an important step forward in our ability to resolve small-scale characteristics of the AML and recommend the AVA crossplotting as a tool for examining mid-ocean ridge magma-systems elsewhere.

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Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of melt along the East Pacific Rise from 9°30′ to 10°N from an amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) technique

et al. 2015

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“…At spreading ridges, the frequency of volcanic eruptions is related to timeaveraged magma supply and spreading rate (Perfit and Chadwick, 1998). For example, at the fast-spreading EPR, vent communities have been observed to be eradicated by seafloor eruptions on decadal time scales (Rubin et al, 2012), but at the slow-spreading MAR an eruption might not occur for 10,000 years (Perfit and Chadwick, 1998). Some arc volcanoes "grow and collapse on human timescales" due to frequent eruptions as well as landslides (Schnur et al, 2017).…”

Section: Global Patterns Of Vent Distributions Disturbance Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disturbance may also create new habitat. The frequency of disturbance may range from almost continuous at vents on submarine arc volcanoes with multiyear eruptions (e.g., NW Rota-1; Rubin et al, 2012;Schnur et al, 2017) to very infrequent at vents hosted in ultraslow spreading settings. At spreading ridges, the frequency of volcanic eruptions is related to timeaveraged magma supply and spreading rate (Perfit and Chadwick, 1998).…”

Section: Global Patterns Of Vent Distributions Disturbance Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework

et al. 2018

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Species inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents are strongly influenced by the geological setting, as it provides the chemical-rich fluids supporting the food web, creates the patchwork of seafloor habitat, and generates catastrophic disturbances that can eradicate entire communities. The patches of vent habitat host a network of communities (a metacommunity) connected by dispersal of planktonic larvae. The dynamics of the metacommunity are influenced not only by birth rates, death rates and interactions of populations at the local site, but also by regional influences on dispersal from different sites. The connections to other communities provide a mechanism for dynamics at a local site to affect features of the regional biota. In this paper, we explore the challenges and potential benefits of applying metacommunity theory to vent communities, with a particular focus on effects of disturbance. We synthesize field observations to inform models and identify data gaps that need to be addressed to answer key questions including: (1) what is the influence of the magnitude and rate of disturbance on ecological attributes, such as time to extinction or resilience in a metacommunity; (2) what interactions between local and regional processes control species diversity, and (3) which communities are "hot spots" of key ecological significance. We conclude by assessing our ability to evaluate resilience of vent metacommunities to human disturbance (e.g., deep-sea mining). Although the resilience of a few highly disturbed vent systems in the eastern Pacific has been quantified, these values cannot be generalized to remote locales in the western Pacific or mid Atlantic where disturbance rates are different and information on local controls is missing.

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“…Much of the EPR is likely volcanically active, but one area near 9°50'N stands out because it has experienced two documented volcanic eruptions since 1990 (e.g., Rubin et al, 2012, in America-what we now recognize as the East Pacific Rise (EPR; Menard, 1960Menard, , 1964. The southern EPR was first recognized by early soundings carried out on the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s and then followed by the aBStr act.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The East Pacific Rise Between 9°N and 10°N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies

Fornari¹,

Damm²,

Bryce³

et al. 2012

oceanog

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, 1976;Francheteau et al., 1979; RISE Project Group, 1980;Francheteau and Ballard, 1983; Hekinian et al., 1983a,b;Lonsdale, 1983;Macdonald and Fox, 1983;Fustec et al., 1987;Fox and Gallo, 1989;Pockalny et al., 1997). One of the seminal findings from the early use of academic multibeam sonars was that the elongate fast-spreading ridge axis was actually divided into discontinuous segments Fox, 1983, 1988;Lonsdale, 1983 e.g., Detrick et al., 1987;Vera et al., 1990;Kent et al., 1993;Harding et al., 1993;Toomey et al., 1994;Wilcock et al., 1995;Barth and Mutter, 1996; Toomey, 1997, 2001;Dunn et al., 2000). Wright et al., 1995;Shank et al., 1998; Fornari et al., 1998a,b;Perfit and Chadwick, 1998;White et al., 2002White et al., , 2006. These studies began to

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Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea

Cited by 109 publications

References 78 publications

Distribution of melt along the East Pacific Rise from 9°30′ to 10°N from an amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) technique

Distribution of melt along the East Pacific Rise from 9°30′ to 10°N from an amplitude variation with angle of incidence (AVA) technique

Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework

The East Pacific Rise Between 9°N and 10°N: Twenty-Five Years of Integrated, Multidisciplinary Oceanic Spreading Center Studies

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