Vitreous hemorrhage

Abstract

The incidence of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage is approximately 7 cases per 100,000 population. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (32%), retinal tear (30%), proliferative retinopathy after retinal vein occlusion (11%) and posterior vitreous detachment without retinal tear (8%) are the most common causes of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. Vitreous hemorrhage can be caused by the pathologic mechanisms of disruption of normal retinal vessels, bleeding from diseased retinal vessels or abnormal new vessels, and extension of hemorrhage through the retina from other sources. Hemorrhage into the vitreous gel results in rapid clot formation and is followed by slow clearance of approximately 1% per day. The cellular response to vitreous hemorrhage is unusual with regard to hemorrhage in any tissue outside the vitreous cavity and has been compared to a "low-turnover" granuloma. Unique clinicopathologic features of long-standing vitreous hemorrhage include cholesterolosis bulbi (synchysis scintillans), hemoglobin spherulosis, and vitreous cylinders. Complications of nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage are hemosiderosis bulbi and glaucoma. Ghost cell glaucoma, hemolytic glaucoma, and hemosiderotic glaucoma may result from vitreous hemorrhage. The established treatment option for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage is pars plana vitrectomy. Experimental nonsurgical treatment options involve improvement of physiologic clearance mechanisms in order to accelerate fibrinolysis, liquefaction, hemolysis and phagocytosis.

Etiological Factors and Visual Outcomes of Dense Vitreous Hemorrhage in Patients Aged 80 years and above over the Past Decade in a Tertiary General Hospital

“…However, the specific characteristics and prognosis of very elderly patients with DVH, particularly those aged ≥80 years, remain unclear. We found that the most common etiologies in these patients were RVO, PCV, and PDR, which is inconsistent with previous reports [ 5 , 6 ]. The disease spectrum and treatment strategies of the elderly group over 80 years old are different from those of middle-aged people.…”

Etiological Factors and Visual Outcomes of Dense Vitreous Hemorrhage in Patients Aged 80 years and above over the Past Decade in a Tertiary General Hospital

“…However, the specific characteristics and prognosis of very elderly patients with DVH, particularly those aged ≥80 years, remain unclear. We found that the most common etiologies in these patients were RVO, PCV, and PDR, which is inconsistent with previous reports [ 5 , 6 ]. The disease spectrum and treatment strategies of the elderly group over 80 years old are different from those of middle-aged people.…”

Prediction of the Cause of Fundus-Obscuring Vitreous Hemorrhage Using Machine Learning

“…The most common cause of FOVH in this study was PDR, which is consistent with previous studies [ 1 , 2 , 15 ]. Considering that some patients without a pre-diagnosed DM had PDR in this study, it highlights the importance of ruling out PDR even in the absence of a history of DM.…”

“…This prevalence is higher compared to previous studies reporting only 2.0-4.3% of nAMD as a cause of VH [ 3 , 15 ], which might be partly attributed to the increased prevalence of nAMD over the last three decades [ 16 ]. The proportion of retinal tear (8.1%) was similar to the results in previous studies [ 1 , 2 ].…”

USING RETeval SYSTEM FLICKER ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF DENSE VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE

“…Several studies have established that DR, trauma, retinal tear or RRD, and RVO are the most frequently occurring causes of VH. 9–11 Consistent with previous reports, PDR and RVO were the most common causes of dense VH in our study.…”

Etiological Factors and Visual Outcomes of Dense Vitreous Hemorrhage in Patients Aged 80 years and above over the Past Decade in a Tertiary General Hospital

“…However, the specific characteristics and prognosis of very elderly patients with DVH, particularly those aged ≥80 years, remain unclear. We found that the most common etiologies in these patients were RVO, PCV, and PDR, which is inconsistent with previous reports [ 5 , 6 ]. The disease spectrum and treatment strategies of the elderly group over 80 years old are different from those of middle-aged people.…”

Prediction of the Cause of Fundus-Obscuring Vitreous Hemorrhage Using Machine Learning

“…The most common cause of FOVH in this study was PDR, which is consistent with previous studies [ 1 , 2 , 15 ]. Considering that some patients without a pre-diagnosed DM had PDR in this study, it highlights the importance of ruling out PDR even in the absence of a history of DM.…”

“…This prevalence is higher compared to previous studies reporting only 2.0-4.3% of nAMD as a cause of VH [ 3 , 15 ], which might be partly attributed to the increased prevalence of nAMD over the last three decades [ 16 ]. The proportion of retinal tear (8.1%) was similar to the results in previous studies [ 1 , 2 ].…”

USING RETeval SYSTEM FLICKER ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF DENSE VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE

“…Several studies have established that DR, trauma, retinal tear or RRD, and RVO are the most frequently occurring causes of VH. 9–11 Consistent with previous reports, PDR and RVO were the most common causes of dense VH in our study.…”

Etiological Factors and Visual Outcomes of Dense Vitreous Hemorrhage in Patients Aged 80 years and above over the Past Decade in a Tertiary General Hospital

“…However, the specific characteristics and prognosis of very elderly patients with DVH, particularly those aged ≥80 years, remain unclear. We found that the most common etiologies in these patients were RVO, PCV, and PDR, which is inconsistent with previous reports [ 5 , 6 ]. The disease spectrum and treatment strategies of the elderly group over 80 years old are different from those of middle-aged people.…”

Prediction of the Cause of Fundus-Obscuring Vitreous Hemorrhage Using Machine Learning

“…The most common cause of FOVH in this study was PDR, which is consistent with previous studies [ 1 , 2 , 15 ]. Considering that some patients without a pre-diagnosed DM had PDR in this study, it highlights the importance of ruling out PDR even in the absence of a history of DM.…”

“…This prevalence is higher compared to previous studies reporting only 2.0-4.3% of nAMD as a cause of VH [ 3 , 15 ], which might be partly attributed to the increased prevalence of nAMD over the last three decades [ 16 ]. The proportion of retinal tear (8.1%) was similar to the results in previous studies [ 1 , 2 ].…”

USING RETeval SYSTEM FLICKER ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY FOR EVALUATION OF DENSE VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE

“…Several studies have established that DR, trauma, retinal tear or RRD, and RVO are the most frequently occurring causes of VH. 9–11 Consistent with previous reports, PDR and RVO were the most common causes of dense VH in our study.…”