Vitexin Inhibits Inflammatory Pain in Mice by Targeting TRPV1, Oxidative Stress, and Cytokines

Abstract

The flavonoid vitexin (1) is a flavone C-glycoside (apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside) present in several medicinal and other plants. Plant extracts containing 1 are reported to possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the only evidence that 1 exhibits antinociceptive activity was demonstrated in the acetic acid-induced writhing model. Therefore, the analgesic effects and mechanisms of 1 were evaluated. In the present investigation, intraperitoneal treatment with 1 dose-dependently inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing. Furthermore, treatment with 1 also inhibited pain-like behavior induced by phenyl-p-benzoquinone, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), capsaicin (an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, TRPV1), and both phases of the formalin test. It was also observed that inhibition of carrageenan-, capsaicin-, and chronic CFA-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia occurred. Regarding the antinociceptive mechanisms of 1, it prevented the decrease of reduced glutathione levels, ferric-reducing ability potential, and free-radical scavenger ability, inhibited the production of hyperalgesic cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-33, and up-regulated the levels of the anti-hyperalgesic cytokine IL-10. These results demonstrate that 1 exhibits an analgesic effect in a variety of inflammatory pain models by targeting TRPV1 and oxidative stress and by modulating cytokine production.

Riparin B, a Synthetic Compound Analogue of Riparin, Inhibits the Systemic Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Mice

“…Knowing that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes [20][21][22] and pain maintenance, we evaluated several models in vivo to establish the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and antioxidant effects of Riparin B. Our data showed that Riparin B exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and antioxidant activities in vivo experimental models.…”

Downregulation of tumor necrosis factor and other proinflammatory biomarkers by polyphenols

“…Inhibited production of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-33 in mice [161]. Lowered the levels of TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6 in gamma-irradiated mice [162].…”

Vitexin reduces hypoxia–ischemia neonatal brain injury by the inhibition of HIF-1alpha in a rat pup model

“…1A) that has been found in medicinal and other plants, such as Vitex negundo seeds (Zhou et al, 2009), Pennisetum millet (Gaitan et al, 1989), mung bean (Cao et al, 2011), Passion flower (Zucolotto et al, 2012, mimosa , Phyllostachys nigra bamboo leaves (Lee et al, 2010), wheat leaves (Moheb et al, 2011), hawthorn (Ma et al, 2010), and chaste tree or chasteberry (Hajdu et al, 2007). Vitexin has recently received increased attention because of its wide range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant Borghi et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2005;Praveena et al, 2013), anticancer (Choi et al, 2006;Papi et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2013;Zhou et al, 2013Zhou et al, , 2009, antiviral (Krcatovic et al, 2008;Li et al, 2002), anti-inflammatory (Dong et al, 2011(Dong et al, , 2013, anti-nociceptive (Borghi et al, 2013;Demir Ozkay and Can, 2013;Gorzalczany et al, 2011), antihypertensive (Je et al, 2014), anti-spasmodic (Gilani et al, 2006;Ragone et al, 2007), and anti-depressant-like actions . In addition, vitexin has neuroprotective effects on both pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats and the neuronal excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Abbasi et al, 2012;Yang et al, 2014) and ameliorates the memory impairments in rats induced by scopolamine (Abbasi et al, 2013).…”