Vitamin D deficiency and the COVID-19 pandemic

Zemb, Patrick; Bergman, Peter; Camargo, Carlos A.; Cavalier, Étienne; Cormier, Catherine; Courbebaisse, Marie; Hollis, Bruce W.; Joulia, Fabrice; Minisola, Salvatore; Pilz, Stefan; Płudowski, Paweł; Schmitt, François; Zdrenghea, Dumitru; Souberbielle, Jean Claude

doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.05.006

Cited by 95 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Hence, low 25(OH)D level was identified as independently associated with the likelihood of COVID‐19 infection. This finding is in agreement with the results of other studies [5,7,9–15,19,30–42]. Further, reduced risk of acute respiratory tract infection following vitamin D supplementation has been reported [43,44].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study

et al. 2020

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Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations of plasma 25(OH)D levels with the likelihood of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection and hospitalization. The study population included the 14 000 members of Leumit Health Services, who were tested for COVID‐19 infection from February 1st to April 30th, 2020, and who had at least one previous blood test for the plasma 25(OH)D level. ‘Suboptimal’ or ‘low’ plasma 25(OH)D level was defined as plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, concentration below the level of 30 ng/mL. Of 7807 individuals, 782 (10.02%) were COVID‐19‐positive, and 7025 (89.98%) COVID‐19‐negative. The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID‐19 [19.00 ng/mL (95% confidence interval (CI) 18.41–19.59) vs. 20.55 (95% CI: 20.32–20.78)]. Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between the low plasma 25(OH)D level and increased likelihood of COVID‐19 infection [crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.24–2.01, P < 0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [crude OR of 2.09 (95% CI: 1.01–4.30, P < 0.05)]. In multivariate analyses that controlled for demographic variables, and psychiatric and somatic disorders, the adjusted OR of COVID‐19 infection [1.45 (95% CI: 1.08–1.95, P < 0.001)] and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [1.95 (95% CI: 0.98–4.845, P = 0.061)] were preserved. In the multivariate analyses, age over 50 years, male gender and low–medium socioeconomic status were also positively associated with the risk of COVID‐19 infection; age over 50 years was positively associated with the likelihood of hospitalization due to COVID‐19. We concluded that low plasma 25(OH)D levels appear to be an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 infection and hospitalization.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study

et al. 2020

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“…Additional authors recommend vitamin D supplements to boost the immune systems of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (2 p , 35, 69, 71, 74, 75, 118, 120, 125, 230-233). However, most authors recommend widespread daily vitamin D supplementation (most often with 1,000-5,000 IU per day) to prevent and decrease the severity of COVID-19, at least until the pandemic abates (1,5,12,28,34,36,42,64,65,107,109,113,114,116,121,124,127,165,171,172,178,190,192,197,198,210,214,219,222,(234)(235)(236)(237)(238)(239)(240)(241)(242)(243)(244)(245)(246)(247)(248) (Figure 8).…”

Section: Covid-19-specific Recommendations Of Expertsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

Benskin

2020

Front. Public Health

133

137

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As the world's attention has been riveted upon the growing COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have written brief reports supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19. The clear common thread among the top risk groups-vitamin D deficiency-may be being overlooked because of previous overstated claims of vitamin D benefits. However, the need to decrease COVID-19 fatalities among high-risk populations is urgent. Early researchers reported three striking patterns. Firstly, the innate immune system is impaired by vitamin D deficiency, which would predispose sufferers to viral infections such as COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency also increases the activity of the X-chromosome-linked "Renin-Angiotensin" System, making vitamin D deficient individuals (especially men) more susceptible to COVID-19's deadly "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system overreaction). Secondly, the groups who are at highest risk for severe COVID-19 match those who are at highest risk for severe vitamin D deficiency. This includes the elderly, men, ethnic groups whose skin is naturally rich in melanin (if living outside the tropics), those who avoid sun exposure for cultural and health reasons, those who live in institutions, the obese, and/or those who suffer with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. And thirdly, the pattern of geographical spread of COVID-19 reflects higher population vitamin D deficiency. Both within the USA and throughout the world, COVID-19 fatality rates parallel vitamin D deficiency rates. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and RSMLDS, with targeted Google searches providing additional sources. Although randomized controlled trial results may be available eventually, the correlational and causal study evidence supporting a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 risks is already so strong that it supports action. The 141 author groups writing primarily about biological plausibility detailed how vitamin D deficiency can explain every risk factor and every complication of COVID-19, but agreed that other factors are undoubtedly at work. COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. Among the 47 original research studies summarized here, chart reviews found that serum vitamin D levels predicted COVID-19 mortality Benskin Evidence Linking Vitamin D, COVID-19 rates (16 studies) and linearly predicted COVID-19 illness severity (8 studies). Two causal modeling studies and several analyses of variance strongly supported the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is a causal, rather than a bystander, factor in COVID-19 outcomes. Three of the four studies whose findings opposed the hypothesis relied upon disproven assumptions. The literature review also found that prophylactically correcting possible ...

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“…The use of vitamin D in the Mpro receptor inhibitor reduces the expression of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 receptor (DPP-4), a molecular virulent that reacts with the SARS-Cov-2 spike glycoprotein 28 . However, there is no rm evidence of the relationship between vitamin D and the death of patients 12,13 . Vitamin A has BE -7.99 kcal/mol and may also increase the immune system in the human body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecular docking calculation was conducted using 27 compounds which are Nel na r, Lopinavir, Vitamin D [11][12][13] , Ritonavir, Dexamethasone, Baloxivir Marboxil, Alpha Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamine E), Vitamin A, Umifenovir, Darunavir, Cobicistat 6 , Meropenem 10 , Midazolam, Levo oxacin, Chloroquine Phosphate, Chloroquine 14 , Oseltamivir, Chloroquine Sulfate, Hydroxychloroquine, Cefotaxime, Salbutamol Sulfate, Remdesivir, Acetaminophen, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), and Acetylcysteine that were retrieved from pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, and the receptor is obtained from www.rcsb.org with PDB ID: 6W63. Before molecular docking calculation was performed, the receptor and ligand were prepared using Chimera 1.14 15 .…”

Section: Methods Molecular Docking Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Docking Studies of SARS-Cov-2 Mainprotease Potential Inhibitors

Utami¹,

Fitriani

Aziz

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BACKGROUND : SARS-Cov-2 causes an coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the vaccines or drugs of this disease have not been found to inhibit this replication of the virus. Researchers are engaged in all fields of study to discover new potential inhibitors. This study aimed to compute the binding energy (BE) and interactions between the new potential inhibitors and the SARS-Cov-2 Mainprotease (Mpro).METHODS: In this study, we docked between twenty-seven patented drugs and the Mpro receptor (PDB ID: 6W63). The molecular docking calculation was performed using AutoDock Tools 1.5.6. software. Moreover, the information about the biological activity of ligands was calculated using the PASS online server. The result of the calculation was then analyzed and visualized using Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer. Further calculation, such as the ligand-protein interaction using STITCH database and Lipinski’s rule five were employed in this research.RESULTS: The molecular docking calculation results showed that nelfinavir was strongly bound to Mpro with BE of -9,51 kcal/mol, followed by lopinavir, vitamin D, ritonavir, and dexamethasone. From these ligands, we considered dexamethasone because this ligand works as an anti-inflammatory agent. CONCLUSIONS: Following the calculation, nelfinavir, lopinavir, and dexamethasone are proposed as a potential inhibitor of the Mpro receptor, but there is a need for further investigation.

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Vitamin D deficiency and the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 95 publications

References 5 publications

Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study

Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study

A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency

Molecular Docking Studies of SARS-Cov-2 Mainprotease Potential Inhibitors

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