Visualizing science by citation mapping

Abstract

Science mapping is discussed in the general context of information visualization. Attempts to construct maps of science using citation data are reviewed, focusing on the use of co‐citation clusters. New work is reported on a dataset of about 36,000 documents using simplified methods for ordination, and nesting maps hierarchically. An overall map of the dataset shows the multidisciplinary breadth of the document sample, and submaps allow drilling down to the document level. An effort to visualize these data using advanced virtual reality software is described, and the creation of document pathways through the map is seen as a realization of Bush's (1945) associative trails.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Modern Business Ethics Research: Concepts, Theories, and Relationships

“…In general, a paper is cited in order to make a point that is relevant to the subject at hand (Small, 1978). Small (1999) discussed science mapping in the general context of information visualization and reviewed attempts to construct maps of science using citation data, focusing on the use of co-citation clusters. Consequently, citation can be viewed as legitimate object of research, and in fact, citation analysis has often proved itself as a meaningful tool that has been used widely in information science and other areas.…”

Business Ethics Research with an Accounting Focus: A Bibliometric Analysis from 1988 to 2007

“…While different authors deal with the matrix diagonal in disparate ways (Ahlgren et al, 2003), we took the three highest co-citations values and divided by two to approximate a document's co-citation frequency when matched with itself (White and Griffith, 1981). The science of citation-based mapping involves the spatial proximities of disciplines, fields, sub-fields and author oeuvres, and articles or documents (Small, 1999). Bibliographic studies based on citation and co-citation analysis typically rely on factor analysis, cluster analysis ,and multidimensional scaling analysis (Leydesdorff, 1987;McCain, 1990), each of which contributes additional insights by mapping the intellectual structure of the research fields.…”

“…In 1973, Small and Marshakova independently introduced a bibliometric technique that uses citation-based mapping to explore the intellectual structure of the disciplines and associated subdisciplines (Small, 1999;Zhao, 2006). While co-citation analysis excludes frequently cited but isolated documents, it is nevertheless an extension of citation analysis (Gmür, 2003).…”

Fitting the jigsaw of citation: Information visualization in domain analysis

“…1. Sampled data from IEEE CG&A (1982-1999. consists of several stages, including data collection, citation analysis, visualization, crossexamination, and virtual reality modeling.…”

“…The pioneering Atlas of Science (ISI, 1981) of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and their latest work in visualizing science (Garfield, 1998;Small, 1999) have mapped the macrostructure of science. In contrast, instead of the entire science as a whole, domain visualization tends to focus on a specific domain or discipline such that one can explore the dynamics of a scientific discipline as an organic system, for example (White & McCain, 1998) on information science, and (Chen, 1999b) on hypertext.…”