Visual search: A retrospective

Eckstein, Miguel P.

doi:10.1167/11.5.14

Cited by 402 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 330 publications

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“…As the number of input parameters (hit and false alarm rate) was equal to the number of free parameters (d' and λ), the models were exactly identified, and χ 2 was expected to be near 0 for the estimated parameters. This is similar to the conversion of hits and false alarm rates to d's and in SDT calculations in standard yes-no tasks (e.g., highlight the independent effects of resource allocation and increased decision noise on observers' accuracy as set size increases, as decision noise does not change d' with set size in this model (Eckstein, 2011;Mazyar, van den Berg, & Ma, 2012;Shimozaki, 2010). Thus, the reduction in d' indicates an inverse relationship between sensitivity and set size that is consistent with resource-or capacitylimited search (Barrett & Zobay, 2014;Cameron, Eckstein, Tai, & Carrasco, 2004;McElree & Carrasco, 1999).…”

Section: Bayesian Model For Preview Searchsupporting

confidence: 72%

Visuospatial working memory mediates inhibitory and facilitatory guidance in preview search.

Barrett¹,

Shimozaki²,

Jensen³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Visual search is faster and more accurate when a subset of distractors is presented before the display containing the target. This "preview benefit" has been attributed to separate inhibitory and facilitatory guidance mechanisms during search. In the preview task the temporal cues thought to elicit inhibition and facilitation provide complementary sources of information about the likely location of the target. In this study, we use a Bayesian Observer model to compare sensitivity when the temporal cues eliciting inhibition and facilitation produce complementary, and competing, sources of information. Observers searched for T-shaped targets among L-shaped distractors in two standard and two preview conditions. In the standard conditions, all the objects in the display appeared at the same time. In the preview conditions, the initial subset of distractors either stayed on the screen or disappeared before the onset of the search display, which contained the target when present. In the latter, the synchronous onset of old and new objects negates the predictive utility of stimulus-driven capture during search. The results indicate observers combine memory-driven inhibition and sensory-driven capture to reduce spatial uncertainty about the target's likely location during search. In the absence of spatially predictive onsets, memorydriven inhibition at old locations persists despite irrelevant sensory change at previewed locations. This result is consistent with a bias towards unattended objects during search via the active suppression of irrelevant capture at previously attended locations.

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Section: Bayesian Model For Preview Searchsupporting

confidence: 72%

Visuospatial working memory mediates inhibitory and facilitatory guidance in preview search.

Barrett¹,

Shimozaki²,

Jensen³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…The limitations of peripheral visual processing, in conjunction with the clutter of natural visual scenes, are such that eye guidance by complex combinations of features may not always be possible (50)(51)(52)(53). Indeed, the primary reason to fixate a region in the visual field is to extract more complex and detailed in- Observers viewed a single pattern at fixation, which fluctuated in orientation and contrast in exactly the same way as the foveal target in the main experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Foveal analysis and peripheral selection during active visual sampling

Ludwig

Davies

Eckstein

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Human vision is an active process in which information is sampled during brief periods of stable fixation in between gaze shifts. Foveal analysis serves to identify the currently fixated object and has to be coordinated with a peripheral selection process of the next fixation location. Models of visual search and scene perception typically focus on the latter, without considering foveal processing requirements. We developed a dual-task noise classification technique that enables identification of the information uptake for foveal analysis and peripheral selection within a single fixation. Human observers had to use foveal vision to extract visual feature information (orientation) from different locations for a psychophysical comparison. The selection of to-be-fixated locations was guided by a different feature (luminance contrast). We inserted noise in both visual features and identified the uptake of information by looking at correlations between the noise at different points in time and behavior. Our data show that foveal analysis and peripheral selection proceeded completely in parallel. Peripheral processing stopped some time before the onset of an eye movement, but foveal analysis continued during this period. Variations in the difficulty of foveal processing did not influence the uptake of peripheral information and the efficacy of peripheral selection, suggesting that foveal analysis and peripheral selection operated independently. These results provide important theoretical constraints on how to model target selection in conjunction with foveal object identification: in parallel and independently.A lmost all human visually guided behavior relies on the selective uptake of information, due to sensory and cognitive limitations. On the sensory side, the sampling of visual input by the retinal mosaic of photoreceptors becomes increasingly sparse and irregular away from central vision (1). In addition, fewer cortical neurons are devoted to the analysis of peripheral visual information (cortical magnification) (2, 3). Humans and other animals with so-called foveated visual systems have evolved gazeshifting mechanisms to overcome these limitations. Saccadic eye movements serve to rapidly and efficiently deploy gaze to objects and regions of interest in the visual field. Sampling the environment appropriately with gaze is the starting point of adaptive visual-motor behavior (4, 5).Studies have shown that saccadic eye movements are guided by analysis of information in the visual periphery up to 80-100 ms before saccade execution (6-8). However, active vision typically requires humans not only also to analyze information in the visual periphery to decide where to fixate next (peripheral selection), but also to analyze the information at the current fixation location (foveal analysis). Not much is known about how foveal analysis and peripheral selection are coordinated and interact. In this regard, we need to know (i) whether and to what extent foveal analysis and peripheral selection are constrained by a common bo...

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“…Decades of research have sought to understand this ubiquitous cognitive process and to determine how humans, nonhuman animals, and computers successfully identify targets (see Eckstein, 2011;Horowitz, 2014;Nakayama & Martini, 2011, for recent reviews). Visual search has a history of using big data analyses-in 1998, Jeremy Wolfe collated data from 2,500 experimental sessions to ask "What can 1 million trials tell us about visual search" (Wolfe, 1998).…”

Section: Examples Of Using Mobile Technology For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Visual search: A retrospective

Cited by 402 publications

References 330 publications

Visuospatial working memory mediates inhibitory and facilitatory guidance in preview search.

Visuospatial working memory mediates inhibitory and facilitatory guidance in preview search.

Foveal analysis and peripheral selection during active visual sampling

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

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