Abstract:The paper discusses the techniques which are currently implemented for vaccine production based on virus-like particles (VLPs). The factors which determine the characteristics of VLP monomers assembly are provided in detail. Analysis of the literature demonstrates that the development of the techniques of VLP production and immobilization of target antigens on their surface have led to the development of universal platforms which make it possible for virtually any known antigen to be exposed on the particle su… Show more
“…One of the problems of using the protein subunit vaccine has been presenting the antigen in its most stable and effective conformation. VLPs are composed of multiple structural proteins, which upon recombinant expression have the ability to selfassemble into nanostructures enclosing the capsid proteins within itself (Syomin and Ilyin 2019). The VLPs can have a lipid envelope originating from the cell membrane producing them in the form of budding and can also be chimeric in nature, displaying an envelope protein from another virus.…”
COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that has turned into a pandemic. It spreads through droplet transmission of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It is an RNA virus displaying a spike protein as the major surface protein with significant sequence similarity to SARS-CoV which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. The receptor binding domain of the spike protein interacts with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and is considered as the antigenic determinant for stimulating an immune response. While multiple candidate vaccines are currently under different stages of development, there are no known therapeutic interventions at the moment. This review describes the key genetic features that are being considered for generating vaccine candidates by employing innovative technologies. It also highlights the global efforts being undertaken to deliver vaccines for COVID-19 through unprecedented international cooperation and future challenges post development.(0123456789().,-volV) (0123456789().,-volV)
“…One of the problems of using the protein subunit vaccine has been presenting the antigen in its most stable and effective conformation. VLPs are composed of multiple structural proteins, which upon recombinant expression have the ability to selfassemble into nanostructures enclosing the capsid proteins within itself (Syomin and Ilyin 2019). The VLPs can have a lipid envelope originating from the cell membrane producing them in the form of budding and can also be chimeric in nature, displaying an envelope protein from another virus.…”
COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that has turned into a pandemic. It spreads through droplet transmission of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It is an RNA virus displaying a spike protein as the major surface protein with significant sequence similarity to SARS-CoV which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. The receptor binding domain of the spike protein interacts with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and is considered as the antigenic determinant for stimulating an immune response. While multiple candidate vaccines are currently under different stages of development, there are no known therapeutic interventions at the moment. This review describes the key genetic features that are being considered for generating vaccine candidates by employing innovative technologies. It also highlights the global efforts being undertaken to deliver vaccines for COVID-19 through unprecedented international cooperation and future challenges post development.(0123456789().,-volV) (0123456789().,-volV)
“…Also, it can fold the antigenic proteins of several microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, insects, mammalian cell lines, and even in transgenic plants. VLPs can act as non-replicating vectors for subunit and live-attenuated vaccine production in the absence of its genome [171] .…”
Section: Vaccine Development and Its Challengesmentioning
Highlights
The disruption of the host immune system is the characteristic of the outbreak of COVID-19.
Identifying the regulating mechanism of virus behavior will help design antiviral vaccine candidates.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is critical to reduce morbidity and mortality.
“…Admirable performance explored in pre-clinical and clinical trials, liposomal and VLPs based nano-vaccines, there are more than 10 commercial vaccines in human practice or clinical trials. Classical examples to VLP-based commercial vaccines include the porcine-circo virus vaccine, human cervical cancer and anti-hepatitis B nano-vaccines and multi-epitope anti-malarial and anti-hepatitis B vaccines [ 19 , 20 ]. The desired level of epitope density and co-stimulation is a very unique and high precision characteristic of nano-based vaccines.…”
Section: The Biochemistry Of Nano-vaccinesmentioning
Highlights
Nano-vaccines have promising potential to be materialized for personalized medical care
Description of biological mechanisms for interaction making nano-vaccines successful
Future insights for commercial up-scaling
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