Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes).

Johnstone, Rose M.; Adam, Mohammed; Hammond, James R.; Orr, Linda E.; Turbide, Claire

doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48095-7

Cited by 2,300 publications

(847 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Exosomes were first identified by Harding et al in 1983 and confirmed by Johnstone et al in 1987 [5,6]. As reported, multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are formed by endosome budding in the cytoplasm [3], while exosomes are released into the extracellular fluids by fusion of MVBs with the cell surface, resulting in secretion [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Johnstone first coined the term exosome to describe the process that underlies the transformation from a reticulocyte to a mature erythrocyte. Because the vesicular secretion process was similar to "reverse endocytosis," small vesicles were termed "exosomes" [6]. Exosomes are formed within the endosomal network, and early endosomes have three fates: recycling, degradation, and exocytosis.…”

Section: Exosome Biogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Recent research indicates that most tissue and cell types can secrete and release membrane-enclosed small vesicles, known as exosomes, whose content reflects the physiological/pathological state of the cells from which they originate. These exosomes participate in the communication and cell-to-cell transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Studies of RNA viruses have demonstrated that exosomes release regulatory factors from infected cells and deliver other functional host genetic elements to neighboring cells, and these functions are involved in the infection process and modulate the cellular responses. This review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and some of the most striking functions of exosome secretion and identifies physiological/pathological areas in need of further research. While initial indications suggest that exosome-mediated pathways operate in vivo, the exosome mechanisms involved in the related effects still need to be clarified. The current review focuses on the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections, with an emphasis on the potential contributions of exosomes to pathogenesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Exosome Biogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Exosomes were first described in 1977 under the name prostasomes [51], and were given the name exosome in 1987 [52]. Exosomes have been identified in all body fluids, including serum, plasma, amniotic fluid, saliva, breast milk, urine, and in cell culture media, and are secreted by all cells [53,54].…”

Section: Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exosomes have been identified in all body fluids, including serum, plasma, amniotic fluid, saliva, breast milk, urine, and in cell culture media, and are secreted by all cells [53,54]. Initially, exosomes were believed to be a way for the cells to discard waste [52], but are now regarded as a well-regulated form of intercellular communication. Exosomes are generated from the invagination of endosomes resulting in the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which then are secreted through fusion with the cell membrane into the extracellular space.…”

Section: Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Exosomes in Ischemic Heart Disease—A Narrative Review

Røsand

Høydal

2021

Diagnostics

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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the primary cause of death globally. IHD is associated with the disruption of blood supply to the heart muscles, which often results in myocardial infarction (MI) that further may progress to heart failure (HF). Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by virtually all types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stem and progenitor cells. Exosomes represent an important means of cell–cell communication through the transport of proteins, coding and non-coding RNA, and other bioactive molecules. Several studies show that exosomes play an important role in the progression of IHD, including endothelial dysfunction, the development of arterial atherosclerosis, ischemic reperfusion injury, and HF development. Recently, promising data have been shown that designates exosomes as carriers of cardioprotective molecules that enhance the survival of recipient cells undergoing ischemia. In this review, we summarize the functional involvement of exosomes regarding IHD. We also highlight the cardioprotective effects of native and bioengineered exosomes to IHD, as well as the possibility of using exosomes as natural biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Lastly, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed before exosomes can be used in clinical applications.

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“…After 20 years, electron microscopy revealed that platelet products contain vesicles measuring 20-50 nm [20]. Until 1987, Johnstone named these vesicles as "exosomes" [21]. Exosomes can be used as carriers for intercellular communication and can regulate protein expression in receptor cells by RNA transfer [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia

Liu,

Wang,

Liang

et al. 2021

IJMS

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A thrombus in a coronary artery causes ischemia, which eventually leads to myocardial infarction (MI) if not removed. However, removal generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury that damages the tissue and exacerbates the resulting MI. The mechanism of I/R injury is currently extensively understood. However, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants is ineffective against oxidative stress (OS). Enhancing the ability of endogenous antioxidants may be a more effective way to treat OS, and exosomes may play a role as targeted carriers. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins. They are important intermediate carriers of intercellular communication and material exchange. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment with exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have gained considerable attention. Herein, we review the new findings of exosomes in the regulation of OS in coronary heart disease, discuss the possibility of exosomes as carriers for the targeted regulation of endogenous ROS generation, and compare the advantages of exosome therapy with those of stem-cell therapy. Finally, we explore several miRNAs found in exosomes against OS.

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Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes).

Cited by 2,300 publications

References 46 publications

Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection

Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection

Cardiac Exosomes in Ischemic Heart Disease—A Narrative Review

Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia

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