Vero Toxins (Shiga‐Like Toxins) Produced by Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (Verocytotoxin‐Producing <i>E. coli</i>)

Takeda, Yoshifumi; Kurazono, Hisao; Yamasaki, Shinji

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1993.tb01681.x

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The LD50 of VT2 was c. 10 4 -fold higher than that of LPS. Such toxicity was similar to the results described in previous reports [13]. In the present study, LPS contamination in VT2 was minimal (only 90 pg=1 ìg of VT2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Effects of interaction between Escherichia coli verotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction and lethality in mice

Suzuki¹,

Tateda

Matsumoto

et al. 2000

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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In Escherichia coli O157 infections, verotoxins (VT) play a critical role in causing the disease, although other factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in¯ammatory cytokines may affect the progression and course of the disease. The present study examined the roles of VT and LPS in induction of serum cytokines and lethality in mice. LD50 of VT2 (13 ng) was c. 10 4 -fold smaller than that of LPS (400 ìg). Although the lethal toxicity of these toxins was examined in several experimental conditions, such as VT2 (5, 10, 20, 40 ng=mouse) alone or in combination with LPS (100 ìg=mouse) at various times (22 days to 2 days), no evidence of synergy was observed. VT2 did not augment LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-á (TNF-á) or interleukin-6 production, and conversely suppressed TNF-á production when it was injected 2 days before LPS challenge. The data failed to indicate either synergic or additive effects of VT and LPS on cytokine production or lethality in mice. In contrast, antagonistic interactions were clearly observed in cytokine production in certain conditions. The results suggested that these toxins may be co-operatively involved in the pathology of VT-related diseases, but not through synergic interactions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Effects of interaction between Escherichia coli verotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction and lethality in mice

Suzuki¹,

Tateda

Matsumoto

et al. 2000

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SUPER TWIGs on the lethality of intravenously administered Stx2 in mice. Stx2 was used in this study because Stx2 is more toxic than Stx1 both in vitro and in vivo, and clinically more significant (6,21). SUPER TWIG (1)6 completely suppressed the lethal effect of Stx2 when administered along with the toxin; otherwise 100% of the mice died within 5 days (average survival period of mice not given SUPER TWIG (1)6 was 3.2 Ϯ 0.1 days, P Ͻ 0.0001; Fig.…”

Section: Super Twigs (1)6 and (1)12 Directly Bind To The Stx B Subunimentioning

confidence: 99%

A therapeutic agent with oriented carbohydrates for treatment of infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7

Nishikawa

Matsuoka

Kita

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

186

125

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Infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7, which causes diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis in humans, often results in fatal systemic complications, such as neurological damage and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Because Stx circulating in the blood is a major causative factor of these complications, the development of a Stx neutralizer that functions in the circulation holds promise as a viable therapy. Here we developed a series of carbosilane dendrimers, in which trisaccharides of globotriaosyl ceramide, a receptor for Stx, were variously oriented at their termini (referred to as SUPER TWIG), and identified a SUPER TWIG with six trisaccharides as a Stx neutralizer functioning in the circulation. This SUPER TWIG specifically bound to Stx with high affinity (Kd ‫؍‬ 1.1 ؋ 10 ؊6 M) and inhibited the incorporation of the toxin into target cells. Intravenous administration of the SUPER TWIG along with Stx to mice substantially reduced the fatal brain damage and completely suppressed the lethal effect of Stx. Moreover, the SUPER TWIG protected mice from challenge with a fatal dose of E. coli O157:H7, even when administered after the establishment of the infection. The SUPER TWIG neutralized Stx in vivo by a mechanism in which the accumulation and immediate degradation of Stx by phagocytic macrophages present in the reticuloendothelial system were induced. Taken together, our findings indicate that this SUPER TWIG is therapeutic agent against infections by Stx-producing E. coli.

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“…Recently, STEC autoagglutinating adhesin was found in an LEE-negative STEC O113:H21 strain isolated from hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) patient (39) and has thus far been detected in only non-O157 STEC strains (19,27). Among these, Stx is the most important virulence factor in STEC and is broadly divided into two groups, namely, Stx1 and Stx2, on the basis of their immunological properties (37,50). Stx1 is identical or almost identical to Stx produced by S. dysenteriae type 1 (37,50).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these, Stx is the most important virulence factor in STEC and is broadly divided into two groups, namely, Stx1 and Stx2, on the basis of their immunological properties (37,50). Stx1 is identical or almost identical to Stx produced by S. dysenteriae type 1 (37,50). Stx2 is immunologically different from Stx1 but biologically and physicochemically similar to Stx1 (37,50).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several virulence factors of STEC have been reported, such as the locus of enterocyte effacement (32,41), which has genes for producing both attachment and effacement lesions (9) and a type III secretion system (18), EHEC hemolysins (5), an iron transportation system (28,34), and Stx (37,50). Recently, STEC autoagglutinating adhesin was found in an LEE-negative STEC O113:H21 strain isolated from hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) patient (39) and has thus far been detected in only non-O157 STEC strains (19,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assay for the Epidemiological Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

et al. 2004

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Six characteristic regions (I to VI) were identified inTo evaluate the PCR-RFLP assay developed here, ten strains, each isolated from four different outbreaks in different areas in Japan (Tochigi, Hyogo, Aichi, and Fukuoka prefecture), were examined to determine whether the strains in each group showed the same RFLP patterns in the PCR-RFLP assay. In accordance with the results of PFGE except for strains isolated in an area (Fukuoka), which did not produce any amplicon, ten strains in each group demonstrated the same RFLP pattern. Taken together, these data suggest that the PCR-RFLP based on region V is as useful as PFGE but perhaps more simple and rapid than PFGE for the molecular epidemiological analysis of STEC strains during sporadic and common source outbreaks.

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Vero Toxins (Shiga‐Like Toxins) Produced by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (Verocytotoxin‐Producing E. coli)

Cited by 50 publications

References 104 publications

Effects of interaction between Escherichia coli verotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction and lethality in mice

Effects of interaction between Escherichia coli verotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction and lethality in mice

A therapeutic agent with oriented carbohydrates for treatment of infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7

Development of a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assay for the Epidemiological Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

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