Vehicular Emissions in Review

Abstract

This review paper summarizes major developments in vehicular emissions regulations and technologies (light-duty, heavy-duty, gasoline, diesel) in 2012. First, the paper covers the key regulatory developments in the field, including finalized criteria pollutant tightening in California; and in Europe, the development of real-world driving emissions (RDE) standards. The US finalized LD (light-duty) greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation for 2017-25. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in LD and HD engine technology, covering both gasoline and diesel. Marked improvements in engine efficiency are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are just starting to demonstrate 50% brake thermal efficiency. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) with ammonia, and hydrocarbon-based approaches. Emphasis is on low-temperature deNOx, durability, and cost reduction. PM (particulate matter) reduction technologies are evolving around SCR integration and the behavior of soot and ash deposits. Next, DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) developments are summarized. They mainly involve better understanding of aging and substitution of base metals oxides for precious metal. The paper then discusses some key developments in gasoline emission controls, focusing on new coated GPF (gasoline particulate filter) understanding. Advanced three-way catalysts improve with layered coating technology, and with improved understanding on engine calibration.

Enhanced Stability of Fe2O3-Doped FeVO4/TiO2–WO3–SiO2 SCR Catalysts

“…NH 3 -Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO to N 2 is one of the most reliable technologies for the removal of NO x from both stationary and mobile applications [1][2][3][4]. The applicability to automotive emission abatement requires high NO x conversion at low temperature, high N 2 selectivity, good thermal stability and low environmental impact.…”

A dynamic nucleate-boiling model for CO2 reduction in internal combustion engines

“…Gasoline engines must achieve additional improvements mainly through further downsizing and supercharging boosting, which will push brake mean effective pressure (bmep) toward very http high values, up to 25-30 bar [4]. This will place new demands on the engine cooling system, which must be able to remove higher thermal power from reduced surface areas.…”

An Experimental Investigation into DEF Dosing Strategies for Heavy Duty Vehicle Applications

“…In Europe, tailpipe out NOx limits of 0.4 g·kWh −1 will require NOx reduction efficiencies approaching 98 % given the engine out NOx levels upwards of 10 g·kWh −1 possible from proposed high efficiency combustion configurations [19]. Therefore, next generation systems will be required to operate at increased efficiency with DEF dosing loads exceeding current operation while remaining deposit free.…”