Vascular anomalies: nomenclature, classification, and imaging algorithms

Abstract

There is a lot of ambiguity in the usage of correct terminology in the description of vascular malformations and tumors. Hemangioma and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) are the most commonly used terms and are the mostly incorrectly used as well! The aim of this review article was to lay out the correct nomenclature and describe the correct usage for the physicians and radiologists involved in diagnosing and managing these lesions. We describe the various classification systems which have been devised to define the multiple entities included under vascular anomalies. The latest classification system that should be adhered to is per the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies, approved at the 20th ISSVA Workshop held in Melbourne in April 2014, last revised in May 2018. The main features of the latest revision have been highlighted. This classification, however, does not list the diagnostic clinico-radiological features for each entity. In addition, guidelines regarding the appropriate use of available imaging modalities are lacking in the literature. We, hereby, aim to address these pertinent issues in this review article.

Clinical Features and Treatment of Pediatric Cerebral Cavernous Malformations

“…Typically, CCM lacks intervening brain parenchyma. In 2018, the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies classified it as a form of venous malformations [ 13 ]. CCM differs from developmental venous anomaly (DVA), a common aberrant venous channel found in the deep subcortical area.…”

Recent advances in nanomaterial-driven strategies for diagnosis and therapy of vascular anomalies

“…MRI can provide excellent spatial resolution and enhanced soft tissue contrast to visualize intricate anatomical details. The majority of vascular anomalies exhibits similar signal intensity to muscle on T1-weighted imaging (T1-WI) and increases signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging (T2-WI), with varying degrees of contrast enhancement depending on the specific abnormality [ 3 , 29 ]. However, MRI with relatively low sensitivity may be difficult to distinguish the subtle and complex lesions or anomalies.…”

Diagnosis and treatment of lymphatic malformations: experience of the surgical department for newborns and infants

“…Л имфатические мальформации (ЛМФ) являются врождённой патологией строения лимфатических сосудов, которая возникает в процессе эмбриогенеза [1][2][3]. Оценить истинную распространённость сосудистых мальформаций (МФ) довольно сложно, поскольку в литературе часто встречается неправильное употребление терминов, несмотря на имеющуюся исчерпывающую классификацию Международного общества изучения сосудистых аномалий (International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies -ISSVA) [4][5][6]. Для уточнения данных о распространённости ЛМФ, течении заболевания, эффективности медикаментозного лечения в настоящее время проводится проспективное исследование 1 .…”