Value of Subject Height in Predicting Lower Esophageal Sphincter Location

Esophageal Length

“…The group without previous surgery included 116 children for a total of 131 EM. Of these EM studies, 120 were done before placing a pH probe, which was indicated for GERD symptoms (75), dysphagia (23), respiratory symptoms (16), and abdominal pain (11). Other indications for the test included vomiting, failure to thrive, feeding disorders, gastroparesis, and nausea.…”

Esophageal length in children: Reference data and a novel predictive equation

“…Strobel et al (1979) Beckstrand's formula (Table 4), similarly derived from esophageal manometry measurements, also overestimates actual measurements of the distance from the mouth to the EGJ, particularly in children taller than 120 cm (Beckstrand et al, 1990). Staiano and Clouse (1991) found a progressively poorer correlation between height and distance to LES with increasing age. Furthermore, all these measurements in children based on manometry record the distance to the upper margin of the LES rather than the actual EGJ and do not acknowledge that the LES is a region and not a point.…”

“…Several studies have investigated the relationship between the length of the esophagus or distance from the incisors to the EGJ and anthropometric indices using a variety of other methodologies in adults and children (Table 4; Awad et al, 1999;Beckstrand et al, 1990;Kaisha Otsianyi et al, 2011;Kalloor et al, 1976;Li et al, 1994;Moreau et al, 2013;Putnam & Orenstein, 1991;Scapa et al, 1997;Song et al, 1991;Staiano & Clouse, 1991;Strobel et al, 1979;Yang et al, 2005). Strobel et al (1979) Beckstrand's formula (Table 4), similarly derived from esophageal manometry measurements, also overestimates actual measurements of the distance from the mouth to the EGJ, particularly in children taller than 120 cm (Beckstrand et al, 1990).…”

Ultrasonography for the positioning of esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH‐metry catheter in newborns

“…Several studies proposed different methods and/or formulas to calculate the distance through nose and LES, with heterogeneous and conflicting results. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] T A B L E 1 Difference between methods and X-ray. In one study 9 many height-based mathematical formulas were evaluated and compared with the results obtained by X-ray, showing that, based on the published pediatric studies, the one proposed by Nowak et al 7 yielded the highest success rate.…”