Validation of a clinically useful measure of children's state anxiety before medical procedures

Ersig, Anne L.; Kleiber, Charmaine; McCarthy, Ann Marie; Hanrahan, Kirsten

doi:10.1111/jspn.12042

Cited by 63 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…Young children are at greater risk for being more distressed with needle-related procedures (Ersig et al, 2013). Children who experience high levels of pain have higher levels of anxiety during invasive procedures (Noel, McMurtry, Chambers, & McGrath, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It validated at children aged 4–10 years during an intravenous procedure. CAM‐S scores were significantly associated with all parent measures and observed distress ratings (Ersig, Kleiber, McCarthy, & Hanrahan, ). Psychometric properties of CAM in Turkish population were conducted by Gerçeker, Binay, Bilsin, Kahraman, and Yılmaz (); they found that there was a significant negative correlation between the children's anxiety scores and their ages.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study

Gerçeker

Ayar

Özdemir

et al. 2020

Journal of Clinical Nursing

107

108

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Aim and objectives Virtual reality (VR) can be used during painful procedures in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different VR methods on procedure‐related pain, fear and anxiety of children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw. Methods This randomised controlled study used parallel trial design guided by the CONSORT checklist, see Supporting Information. The sample of children (n = 136) was allocated to the VR‐Rollercoaster (n = 45), VR‐Ocean Rift (n = 45) and control group (n = 46) using blocked randomisation. The primary outcome was pain scores after the blood draw and fear and anxiety scores before and after the blood draw. Before the blood draw, fear and anxiety scores were assessed using self‐report and reports from the parents and the researcher using the Child Fear Scale and Children's Anxiety Meter. After the blood draw, level of pain experienced was assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and the fear and anxiety levels experienced by the children during the blood draw were re‐evaluated. Results Pain scores were found to be lower in the VR‐Rollercoaster group and the VR‐Ocean Rift group. A statistical difference was found between groups according to self‐, parent‐ and researcher‐reported fear and anxiety scores after blood draw. While being in VR‐Rollercoaster and VR‐Ocean Rift group reduced children's fear and anxiety, being in the control group increased fear levels by 20% and anxiety levels by 34.1%. Conclusions VR is an effective method in reducing procedure‐related pain, fear and anxiety in children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw. Relevance to clinical practice Evidence‐based guidelines and protocols should be created for nonpharmacological methods such as VR for procedural pain and anxiety in children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study

Gerçeker

Ayar

Özdemir

et al. 2020

Journal of Clinical Nursing

107

108

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“…We used the CAM, a brief, validated self-report measure of anxiety for children 4–10 years of age, to measure state and trait anxiety (Ersig et al, 2013). Drawn to resemble a thermometer, the CAM has a bulb at the bottom with a horizontal line at each whole number.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Genetic Variants With Procedural Pain, Anxiety, and Distress in Children

Ersig

Schutte

Standley

et al. 2017

Biological Research For Nursing

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Objective This study used a candidate gene approach to examine genomic variation associated with pain, anxiety, and distress in children undergoing a medical procedure. Study Design Children aged 4–10 years having an IV catheter insertion were recruited from three Midwestern children’s hospitals. Self-report measures of pain, anxiety, and distress were obtained as well as an observed measure of distress. Samples were collected from children and biological parents for analysis of genomic variation. Genotyped variants had known or suspected association with phenotypes of interest. Analyses included child-only association and family-based transmission disequilibrium tests. Results Genotype and phenotype data were available from 828 children and 376 family trios. Children were 50% male, had a mean age of 7.2 years, and were 84% White/non-Hispanic. In family-based analysis, one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1143629, interleukin (IL1B) 1β) was associated with observed child distress at Bonferroni-corrected levels of significance (p = .00013), while two approached significance for association with high state anxiety (rs6330 Nerve Growth Factor, Beta Subunit, [NGFB]) and high trait anxiety (rs6265 brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]). In the child-only analysis, multiple SNPs showed nominal evidence of relationships with phenotypes of interest. rs6265 BDNF and rs2941026 cholecystokinin B receptor had possible relationships with trait anxiety in child-only and family-based analyses. Conclusions Exploring genomic variation furthers our understanding of pain, anxiety, and distress and facilitates genomic screening to identify children at high risk of procedural pain, anxiety, and distress. Combined with clinical observations and knowledge, such explorations could help guide tailoring of interventions to limit procedure-related distress and identify genes and pathways of interest for future genotype–phenotype studies.

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“…; Ersig et al. ). Although distraction, analgesia and parental presence can be used to improve the experiences of children and young people having procedures within an acute environment (Kleiber and Harper ; Fanurik, Koh and Schmitz ; Piira et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Children and young people have a moral right to have their voice and protests heard and respected and for these to inform judgements of their best interests and the actions of health professionals. Without robust evidence, debate and recognition that children are frequently held against their wishes in clinical practice for procedures which may not be urgent, children's rights will continue to be compromised.Children and young people find attendance and admission to hospital for clinical procedures frightening and anxiety provoking (Dahlquist et al 1986;Hart and Bossert 1994;Kain et al 2007;Jaaniste et al 2007;Ersig et al 2013). Although distraction, analgesia and parental presence can be used to improve the experiences of children and young people having procedures within an acute environment (Kleiber and Harper 1999;Fanurik, Koh and Schmitz 2000;Piira et al 2005), they are not infallible and there is little evidence-based guidance about how to act if a situation escalates and the first choice of intervention is ineffective.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Holding and restraining children for clinical procedures within an acute care setting: an ethical consideration of the evidence

2014

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(2014) Holding and restraining children for clinical procedures within an acute care setting: an ethical consideration of the evidence. Nursing Inquiry, 22 (2). pp. 157167. ISSN 13207881It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from the work.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nin.12074For more information about UCLan's research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for . which may not be urgent, children's rights will continue to be compromised.

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Validation of a clinically useful measure of children's state anxiety before medical procedures

Cited by 63 publications

References 56 publications

Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study

Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study

Relationship of Genetic Variants With Procedural Pain, Anxiety, and Distress in Children

Holding and restraining children for clinical procedures within an acute care setting: an ethical consideration of the evidence

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