Vaccine Therapies in Malignant Glioma

Glial cells, unlike neurons in the brain, can undergo cellular division to maintain their functional continuity. However, sometimes this divisional attribute gets uncontrolled, which breaches tissue organization and transforms tissues into neoplasm. The proliferative abnormality of neuroglia results in one of the most dreaded neoplasm accounting for about 30% of all brain tumors-the glioma. The abnormal proliferation, high level of progression and invasive potential makes glioma one of the most lethal killers in its class. The pathological scenario becomes more moribund owing to poor prognosis and high mortality rate of the menace. Conventional onco-therapies yield dismal results compared to other soft tissue tumors. In time, with the advent of newer trends of prognosis and treatment modalities in the field of oncology, a hope for betterment is expected, but not yet achieved. These advancements would fetch some better results with proper and minute understanding of the biology of glioma, both at physiological as well as molecular level. In the present context, we have tried to document an insight to glioma biology that can serve as a primer to understand this lethal killer and its killing spree, with some approaches to combat its carnage.

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“…Some great review works by Oh et al and Xu et al are quite capable to avail information on glioblastoma vaccine trials [154,155] .…”

Section: Against the Odds: Where Do We Stand And What Is The Future?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glia to glioma: A wrathful journey

Ghosh¹,

Bhattacharjee

Ghosh

et al. 2017

Adv Mod Oncol Res

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“…At the same time, these results indicate that the peptide vaccine preferentially led to the selection of EGFRvIII-negative tumor cells, resulting in tumor regrowth [47]. Despite this obstacle, one proposed strategy to overcoming this tumor event is to target multiple TAAs in an attempt to overcome the inherent heterogeneity of GBMs [40].…”

Section: Tumor Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The idea behind tumor vaccinations is to present tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to the host immune system in order to evoke a pro-inflammatory antitumor response elicited by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells interacting with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) I and MHC II, respectively [40]. Naturally, the success of tumor vaccinations and elegance of using this approach are that it is both tumor specific and subject specific, thereby, reducing inadvertent toxic side effects [40,41].…”

Section: Tumor Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Naturally, the success of tumor vaccinations and elegance of using this approach are that it is both tumor specific and subject specific, thereby, reducing inadvertent toxic side effects [40,41]. Although there is great specificity in using tumor vaccinations, the challenge remains in optimizing the selection of targeted peptides since many TAAs are identified as "self" by the immune system [42].…”

Section: Tumor Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors: The Realm of Immunotherapy

Strong¹,

Ware²

2017

New Approaches to the Management of Primary and Secondary CNS Tumors

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Central nervous system (CNS) tumors, although rare, represent a group of neoplasms that have a disproportionate morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in our understanding of tumor pathogenesis coupled with improvements in therapeutic options, overall survival for primary brain tumors remains dismal. Although challenging, newer approaches such as brachytherapy, immunotherapy, and electric field generators are currently being evaluated in the clinical setting with promising results. The field of immunotherapy in neurooncology is still in its infancy, but several advances have already been made, including the development of tumor vaccines, utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and activation of tumor dendritic cells to stimulate the host's immune system. Recent advances in noninvasive electric fields have been applied to the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with encouraging clinical outcome. In this chapter, we will review the latest advances in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme with a focus on immunotherapy.

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“…The utility of another glioma-associated antigen HSP47 was suggested to induce CTL responses with the potential of therapeutic exploitation for GB patients [76,77] .…”

Section: Heat Shock Protein Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concise review of immunotherapy for glioblastoma

Sager¹,

Dincoglan²,

Demiral³

et al. 2018

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Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumors in adults with a universally poor prognosis despite multimodal management including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Among the novel therapeutic strategies, immunotherapy deserves particular attention with its potential to evoke biologic response and harness the host immune system. Considerable success achieved for other tumors has elicited great enthusiasm and prompted research on immunotherapy for GB. While the central nervous system has traditionally been thought of as an immune-privileged site, our understanding is being refined with emerging evidence. Several studies have been conducted and more are under way to establish the role of immunotherapy in management of GB. Immunotherapy of GB has yet resulted in mixed success with conflicting research findings, emphasizing the need for extensive study before its integration into routine clinical practice. Although there is a lot of room for improvement, immunotherapy for GB may be feasible and serve as a viable management strategy broadening and strengthening the therapeutic armamentarium to combat this deadly disease. Herein, we present a concise review of immunotherapy for GB.

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Vaccine Therapies in Malignant Glioma

Cited by 25 publications

References 59 publications

Glia to glioma: A wrathful journey

Glia to glioma: A wrathful journey

Advances in the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors: The Realm of Immunotherapy

A concise review of immunotherapy for glioblastoma

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