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Rajendra, Wudayagiri; Inceoglu, Bora; Herrmann, Robert O.; Derbel, Maher; Choudary, Prabhakara V; Hammock, Bruce D.

doi:10.1186/1472-2091-2-16

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As CTX seems a promising lead compound to fight solid cancer, researchers have looked for the existence of other venomous toxins that may have the same potential as CTX. While quite a few peptides were identified, based on sequence homology and/or mode of action [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ] ( Table 3 ), only four of them share the CTX-reported activity on chloride channels. This is the case for AaCtx from the venom of Androctonus australis scorpion [ 59 ], BmKCTa from the venom of Buthus martenzii scorpion [ 60 , 61 ] and GaTx1 and GaTx2 both originating from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus scorpion [ 62 , 63 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Chlorotoxin-like Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorotoxin: A Helpful Natural Scorpion Peptide to Diagnose Glioma and Fight Tumor Invasion

Dardevet

Rani

El-Aziz

et al. 2015

Toxins

139

111

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Chlorotoxin is a small 36 amino-acid peptide identified from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. Initially, chlorotoxin was used as a pharmacological tool to characterize chloride channels. While studying glioma-specific chloride currents, it was soon discovered that chlorotoxin possesses targeting properties towards cancer cells including glioma, melanoma, small cell lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma. The investigation of the mechanism of action of chlorotoxin has been challenging because its cell surface receptor target remains under questioning since two other receptors have been claimed besides chloride channels. Efforts on chlorotoxin-based applications focused on producing analogues helpful for glioma diagnosis, imaging and treatment. These efforts are welcome since gliomas are very aggressive brain cancers, close to impossible to cure with the current therapeutic arsenal. Among all the chlorotoxin-based strategies, the most promising one to enhance patient mean survival time appears to be the use of chlorotoxin as a targeting agent for the delivery of anti-tumor agents. Finally, the discovery of chlorotoxin has led to the screening of other scorpion venoms to identify chlorotoxin-like peptides. So far several new candidates have been identified. Only detailed research and clinical investigations will tell us if they share the same anti-tumor potential as chlorotoxin.

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Section: Chlorotoxin-like Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorotoxin: A Helpful Natural Scorpion Peptide to Diagnose Glioma and Fight Tumor Invasion

Dardevet

Rani

El-Aziz

et al. 2015

Toxins

139

111

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“…BT venom contains serotonin, histamine, BK potentiating factor, peptide toxins, etc., and these chemicals are potential nociceptive agents. [ 12 15 16 ] Intra-arterial injection of venom thus stimulates vast population of nociceptors. Furthermore, venom also activates the kinin and PG synthesis endogenously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Venom-induced responses were considered as the “venom only” response. [ 12 ] In the subsequent two groups, venom was injected after pretreatment with des-Arg (B1 receptor antagonist) and Hoe-140 (B2 - receptor antagonist). These antagonists were injected 45 min before the treatment of agonist.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

B1-kinin receptors modulate Mesobuthus tamulus venom-induced vasosensory reflex responses in anesthetized rats

Singh

Deshpande

2016

Indian J Pharmacol

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Objective:Intra-arterial injection of Mesobuthus tamulus (BT) venom produces reflex vasosensory responses modulating cardiorespiratory parameters in albino rats. The present study was conducted to understand the role of kinin receptors in modulating vasosensory reflexes evoked by BT venom.Materials and Methods:In urethane-anesthetized rats, tracheostomy was performed to keep the airway patent. The femoral artery was cannulated proximally, as well as distally, to record the blood pressure (BP) and to inject the chemicals, respectively. Electrocardiographic and respiratory excursions were recorded to compute the heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR). A group of animals was pretreated with saline/kinin receptor antagonists intra-arterially (B1/B2 receptor antagonists) before the injection of venom.Results:After intra-arterial injection of BT venom (1 mg/kg), there was an immediate increase in RR, which reached to 40% within 30 s, followed by a decrease of 40%. Further, there was sustained increase in RR (50%) up to 60 min. The BP started to increase at 40 s, peaking at 5 min (50%), and remained above the initial level up to 60 min. The bradycardiac response started after 5 min which peaked (50% of initial) at 25 min and remained at that level up to 60 min. In B1 receptor antagonist (des-Arg) pretreated animals, venom-induced cardiovascular responses were attenuated (by 20–25% in mean arterial pressure and HR) significantly but not in B2 receptor antagonist (Hoe-140) pretreated animals. Either of the antagonists failed to alter the RR responses.Conclusions:BT venom-induced vasosensory reflex responses modulating cardiovascular parameters are mediated via B1-kinin receptors in anesthetized rats.

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“…Recently, a series of scorpion insecticidal peptides including LqhIT2 [14], [15], AαIT [16], [17], ButaIT [18], [19], BmkIT [20] and AaHIT [21] have been isolated and tested for enhancement of protection against lepidopteran insect pests. It is notable that these scorpion toxins are neuromuscular system-specific in insects and are safe for other animals [22]–[25]. The specificity to insect pests offers significant potential for the development of safe insecticides with a broad spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Scorpion Polypeptide LMX: A Pest Control Protein Effective against Rice Leaf Folder

Tianpei

Zhu

2014

PLoS ONE

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Lepidopteran insect pests are the main class of pests causing significant damage to crop plant yields. Insecticidal scorpion peptides exhibit toxicity specific for insects. Here, we report that a peptide LMX, optimized from the insect-specific scorpion neurotoxin LqhIT2, showed high levels of activity against rice leaf folder in vitro and in planta. Oral ingestion of LMX protein led to a significant decrease in feeding on rice leaves, repression of larval growth and development, delay in molting, and increase in larval lethality. Compared with LqhIT2 protein, the stability and insecticidal efficacy of LMX was better. Meanwhile, biochemical analysis showed that LMX protein ingestion dramatically decreased ecdysone content in rice leaf folder larvae, and down-regulated enzymatic activities of the detoxification system (α-naphthyl acetate esterase and glutathione S-transferase), the digestive system (tryptase and chymotrypsin), and the antioxidant system (catalase). These changes were tightly correlated with the dosage of LMX protein. Transgene analysis showed that the rate of leaf damage, and the number of damaged tillers and leaves in the transgenic line were greatly reduced relative to wild type plants and empty vector plants. Based on these observations, we propose that the insect-specific scorpion neurotoxin peptide LMX is an attractive and effective alternative molecule for the protection of rice from rice leaf folder.

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Abstract: Background: Scorpion venom contains insect and mammal selective toxins. We investigated the venom of the South Indian red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus for the purpose of identifying potent insecticidal peptide toxins.

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Chlorotoxin: A Helpful Natural Scorpion Peptide to Diagnose Glioma and Fight Tumor Invasion

Chlorotoxin: A Helpful Natural Scorpion Peptide to Diagnose Glioma and Fight Tumor Invasion

B1-kinin receptors modulate Mesobuthus tamulus venom-induced vasosensory reflex responses in anesthetized rats

Optimized Scorpion Polypeptide LMX: A Pest Control Protein Effective against Rice Leaf Folder

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