Utilization of side-chain precursors for penicillin biosynthesis in a high-producing strain of Penicillium chrysogenum

Penicillin productivity and glutathione-dependent detoxification of phenylacetic and phenoxyacetic acids inPenicillium chrysogenum

“…In accordance with our hypothesis, the end products of the hydroxylation reactions which are not metabolized further in P. chrysogenum {e.g. 4-hydroxy-POA (ERIKSEN et al 1994)} or which are likely to be degraded by aromatic ring dioxygenases {e.g. homogentisic acid (FERNÁNDEZ-CAÑÓN and PEÑALVA 1995)} (Fig.…”

“…P values were calculated using the STUDENT's t-test mogentisic acid by a mutant of this fungus has been demonstrated (ISONO 1954). Similar to PA, POA is also hydroxylated by P. chrysogenum but position 4 is preferred to position 2 (CHRISTENSEN et al 1994, ERIKSEN et al 1994. Both 2-hydroxy-PA and 4-hydroxy-POA are incorporated into penicillins quite effectively during industrial scale fermentations (van de KAMP et al 1999).…”

“…This experimental arrangement offered an opportunity to seek for possible correlation between acidity, toxicity, GSH-dependent detoxification and penicillin productivity of PA, POA and their derivatives. It is worth noting that the formation of quite high quantities of hydroxylated penicillin side chain precursors has been demonstrated in idiophasic P. chrysogenum cultures by several authors (NYIRI et al 1966, CHRISTENSEN et al 1994, ERIKSEN et al 1994, ERIKSEN et al 1998). Here we also present some experimental data on their effects on the E-lactam biosynthetic machinery, the physiological status of the cells and the intracellular GSH levels.…”

Effect of phenoxyacetic acid on the glutathione metabolism ofPenicillium chrysogenum

“…3). Later, the recovery decreased to about 88-94% (60 and 80 h) due to the formation of 4-OH-POA (CHRISTENSEN et al 1994a, ERIKSEN et al 1994) as well as the intracellular retention and extracellular degradation of newly formed (CHRISTENSEN et al 1994b). Importantly, no (S-phenoxyacetyl)glutathione was detected in the P. chrysogenum cells at any cultivation time tested.…”

Penicillin production by wild isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum in Pakistan

“…Penicillin is most actively produced by representatives of the species P. chrysogenum . Several strains of P. chrysogenum are being used for penicillin production at laboratory and commercial levels in various countries of the world (7, 11). Research is still continuing in an effort to economize its production by fermentation.…”