Utilization of electric vehicles in combined voltage‐frequency control of multi‐area thermal‐combined cycle gas turbine system using two degree of freedom tilt‐integral‐derivative controller

Abstract

This paper conveys the unified control pattern of frequency and voltage of interconnected multi‐area power system through the automatic load frequency control (ALFC) loop and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop. Each area includes a single‐stage reheat thermal plant, combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, and electric vehicles (EVs). Pertinent generation rate constraint for thermal and CCGT plant and governor dead band for the thermal plant is considered. A maiden attempt has been made to introduce the two degree of freedom tilt‐integral‐derivative (2DOFTID) controller for both the ALFC and AVR loops. In this study, a meta‐heuristic algorithm called Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) is implemented to optimize the controller parameters. Study divulges that performance of the 2DOFTID controller predominates when compared with TID and proportional‐integral‐derivative with filter (PIDF) controller apropos time‐domain indices. By juxtaposition, the superiority of the proposed algorithm and performance index is observed. Also, improved system dynamics were independently exhibited by the influence of the lumped EV model and AVR. For the predominance of the 2DOFTID controller, different patterns of disturbances such as random and sinusoidal varying load perturbation have been investigated. Eventually, the sensitivity studies were accomplished to determine the sturdiness of the proposed controller for substantial variations in the system parameters.

A Novel Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Based Cascaded PIDF-PIDF Controller for Automatic Generation Control Analysis of Multi-Area Multi-Source Hydrothermal System

“…The following transfer function(T.F.) is obtained using a simple prime mover model with a single water time constant Tw [14].…”

“…The authors investigated the synchronous generator excitation issue of two-area reheating thermal systems, such as PV arrays and wind, while taking into account system non-linearity like GRC. The work done in [14] reports some control algorithms for designing the additional ALFC loop controller. Traditional controllers, however, might not even react adequately when the operational state of the power system changes if they are programmed for a specific ALFC working state.…”

Comparative performance of multiple energy storage systems in unified voltage and frequency regulation of power system including electric vehicles

“…A single-machine infinite bus model explores this small-signal study of power systems, which comprises both the electrical and mechanical loops with frequency and voltage control mechanisms. 34 The conflated ALFC-AVR was gradually studied with the multi-area multi-source system. [35][36][37] The extensive literature review conveys that the unified ALFC-AVR study with PSS and the above-mentioned energy storage devices is not yet investigated, requiring further investigation.…”

“…Various types of controllers are observed in the literature, such as the integer-order, fractional-order, degree of freedoms, and fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) used as controllers in a separate and combined ALFC-AVR analysis. In unified ALFC-AVR studies, proportional-fractional integral-derivative with filter (PI λ DF), 33 two degree of freedom tilt-integralderivative (2DOFTID), 34 fuzzy-based 2DOFTID, 35 tiltintegral-derivative with filter (TIDF) 36 and fuzzy-based cascade controllers 37 are implemented successfully by several researchers. A thorough survey of the literature shows that the combination of TID controller 38 in the fractional-order tilt-integral-derivative (FOTID) controller 39 and fuzzy logic controller [40][41][42][43] and is not so far investigated in amalgamated ALFC-AVR analyses.…”

“…Likewise, in the unified ALFC-AVR systems, the sensitivity study is investigated by adjusting the magnitudes of SLPs and varying the system's nonlinearities. [33][34][35][36][37] From the literature, it is apparent that the sensitivity study by changing the magnitude and location of SLP and by varying the magnitude of GRC values in all three areas has not yet been studied with the fuzzy logic-based fractional order controller, which provides a scope to the authors for further study.…”