Utilisation of waste heat from PEM electrolysers – Unlocking local optimisation

Roest, Els van der; Bol, Ron; Fens, Theo; Wijk, Ad van

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.374

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The findings add to a current gap in the scientific literature, as stressed in, for example, refs. [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This literature also emphasizes the different types of electrolysis technologies, such as AEC, SOEL, and PEMEL, and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of these technologies, e.g., [18,19]. However, there is scant literature seeking specifically to valorize the waste streams of PtX applications, and this topic is therefore underrepresented in the current academic literature, albeit a few studies specifically emphasize the potential for energy efficiency gains when using waste heat streams from PtX technology [20][21][22][23]. Most often, however, the need for waste stream valorization is just noted as a side remark when concluding the research findings [24,25], with comments about the need for utilizing and managing heat and oxygen outputs from the PtX process.…”

Section: Problem Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorizing the Input and Output Waste Streams from Three PtX Case Studies in Denmark—Adopting a Symbiotic Approach

Lybæk,

Kjær

2023

Waste

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This study aimed to investigate the waste streams from the production of hydrogen energy carriers from PtX technology and identify how they can be valorized by applying a symbiotic approach to enable greater utilization of the inputs and outputs from such plants. Various electrolysis development projects are under development or in the pipeline in Europe and Denmark, but in many cases, it is not clear how waste streams are emphasized and valued in these projects. Thus, three exploratory case studies (a city, a rural, and an energy hub case) were investigated herein exemplifying state-of-the-art electrolysis projects currently being deployed, with a focus on identifying how and to what extent waste streams are being valorized in these projects and energy system integration is being pursued. Inspired by the industrial symbiosis literature, we analyzed how internal, regional, and long-distance symbiotic collaboration is realized within these cases and found them to be very different in terms of the energy carrier produced, the current development stage, and the access to appropriate energy infrastructure. This paper concludes that the co-location of PtX technology near biogas plants would provide a great opportunity for the integration of the produced energy carriers and waste streams into the existing energy system and, hence, could assist in stabilizing fluctuating renewable energy sources to enable their more efficient use in the energy system.

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“…The findings add to a current gap in the scientific literature, as stressed in, for example, refs. [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problem Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorizing the Input and Output Waste Streams from Three PtX Case Studies in Denmark—Adopting a Symbiotic Approach

Lybæk,

Kjær

2023

Waste

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“…OPEX The electricity price corresponds to historic wholesale hourly electricity prices in Denmark (DK1) during 2019. On top of the hourly price, an additional tariff of 16.65 EUR/MWh is included to account for transmission, distribution, and taxes as used in ref . The cost of hydrogen (Cost H2 ) in EUR/t (eq ) is estimated based on the hourly electricity price (elect hourly ) in EUR/MWh and the electricity consumption of PEM electrolyzers (elect_use PEM ) in kWh/ kg H 2 , estimated as a function of the load (eq ), with load as a fraction (>10%) of full load . The electrolyzer full load is set equal to the maximum H 2 requirement in the BECCS/BECCUS operation modes. E l e c t normal_ normalu normals normale normalP normalE normalM = 7.8455 normalk normalW normalh normalk normalg H 2 × l o a d + 43.409 normalk normalW normalh normalk normalg H 2 Cost normalH 2 = normale normall normale normalc normalt normalh normalo normalu normalr normall normaly × e l e c t normal_ normalu normals normale normalP normalE normalM The cost of heating is estimated based on the price of natural gas and assuming a boiler efficiency of 80%.…”

Section: Process Description and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cost of hydrogen (Cost H2 ) in EUR/t (eq ) is estimated based on the hourly electricity price (elect hourly ) in EUR/MWh and the electricity consumption of PEM electrolyzers (elect_use PEM ) in kWh/ kg H 2 , estimated as a function of the load (eq ), with load as a fraction (>10%) of full load . The electrolyzer full load is set equal to the maximum H 2 requirement in the BECCS/BECCUS operation modes.…”

Section: Process Description and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated e-Methanol and Drop-in Fuels Hydrothermal Liquefaction Platform─Techno-Economic and GHG Emissions Assessment for Grid-Connected Plants under Flexible BECCU(S) Operation

Lozano Sanchez,

Paulsen,

Ferrari

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This study examines the combined production of drop-in fuels and methanol using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) as a technological basis in the context of bioenergy and power-to-X (PtX) applications. Given the increasing need for flexibility in a system dominated by fluctuating renewable power, we evaluated flexible methanol operation as a strategy to harness global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a grid-connected HTL setup. In this operation, the biogenic CO 2 destination is alternated between methanol synthesis bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization and combined underground storage depending on the hourly electricity price and grid carbon intensity. The results indicate that the strategy has potential to maintain the average fuel carbon intensity within the 65% GHG reduction threshold set by the renewable energy directive III at a minimum methanol price of 870 EUR/t. This approach could facilitate implementation as it does not require dedicated renewable power generation and hydrogen storage, potentially decreasing costs compared to semi-islands and off-grid PtX systems.

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“…Therefore, the cost of this avoided energy, i.e., CAE c,t , was computed according to Equation ( 9). • Amount of non-produced H2-NPH was computed according to Equation (10), where the parameter E f stands for the efficiency parameter assumed to be 50 kWh/kg [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

VPP Participation in the FCR Cooperation Considering Opportunity Costs

Ribeiro,

Peças Lopes,

Soares

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Currently, the transmission system operators (TSOs) from Portugal and Spain do not procure a frequency containment reserve (FCR) through market mechanisms. In this context, a virtual power plant (VPP) that aggregates sources, such as wind and solar power and hydrogen electrolyzers (HEs), would benefit from future participation in this ancillary service market. The methodology proposed in this paper allows for quantifying the revenues of a VPP that aggregates wind and solar power and HEs, considering the opportunity costs of these units when reserving power for FCR participation. The results were produced using real data from past FCR market sessions. Using market data from 2022, a VPP that aggregates half of the HEs and is expected to be connected in the country by 2025 will have revenues over EUR 800k, of which EUR 90k will be HEs revenues.

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Utilisation of waste heat from PEM electrolysers – Unlocking local optimisation

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Valorizing the Input and Output Waste Streams from Three PtX Case Studies in Denmark—Adopting a Symbiotic Approach

Valorizing the Input and Output Waste Streams from Three PtX Case Studies in Denmark—Adopting a Symbiotic Approach

Integrated e-Methanol and Drop-in Fuels Hydrothermal Liquefaction Platform─Techno-Economic and GHG Emissions Assessment for Grid-Connected Plants under Flexible BECCU(S) Operation

VPP Participation in the FCR Cooperation Considering Opportunity Costs

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