Using Surveillance of Animal Bite Patients to Decipher Potential Risks of Rabies Exposure From Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Brazil

Benavides, Julio A.; Megid, Jane; Campos, Aline Alves Scarpellini; Hampson, Katie

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00318

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Due to its altered movement and reduced reactivity, a rabid bat fallen to the ground in the surroundings of its roost [ 59 ] may be especially attractive to the predator [ 62 , 63 ]. While the risk run by humans of being bitten by a rabid wildlife species is small [ 64 ], this is intuitively substantially higher when it comes to domestic animals such as cats. Through this way, even historically rabies-free areas—particularly when involving migratory bat species [ 65 ]—and urban or rural environments [ 66 , 67 , 68 ] may be affected.…”

Section: State Of Art Of Bat–cat Exchange Of Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through this way, even historically rabies-free areas—particularly when involving migratory bat species [ 65 ]—and urban or rural environments [ 66 , 67 , 68 ] may be affected. For instance, in Brazil, in 2008–2016, only 1.4% cases of people bitten by animals concerned wildlife vs. 94% of bites by dogs and cats [ 64 ]. In the same country, variants of rabies viruses circulating in populations of vampire bats Desmodus rotundus were also isolated in domestic cats and transmitted to humans from both animal species [ 69 ].…”

Section: State Of Art Of Bat–cat Exchange Of Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zoonotic Risk: One More Good Reason Why Cats Should Be Kept Away from Bats

et al. 2021

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Bats are often unfairly depicted as the direct culprit in the current COVID-19 pandemic, yet the real causes of this and other zoonotic spillover events should be sought in the human impact on the environment, including the spread of domestic animals. Here, we discuss bat predation by cats as a phenomenon bringing about zoonotic risks and illustrate cases of observed, suspected or hypothesized pathogen transmission from bats to cats, certainly or likely following predation episodes. In addition to well-known cases of bat rabies, we review other diseases that affect humans and might eventually reach them through cats that prey on bats. We also examine the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, from domestic cats to bats, which, although unlikely, might generate a novel wildlife reservoir in these mammals, and identify research and management directions to achieve more effective risk assessment, mitigation or prevention. Overall, not only does bat killing by cats represent a potentially serious threat to biodiversity conservation, but it also bears zoonotic implications that can no longer be neglected.

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Section: State Of Art Of Bat–cat Exchange Of Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State Of Art Of Bat–cat Exchange Of Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Risk: One More Good Reason Why Cats Should Be Kept Away from Bats

et al. 2021

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“…Clearly, successful control and elimination of infectious diseases depend on effective disease surveillance, especially in the case of zoonoses, including rabies [14] . However, surveillance often is not given priority, due to other issues that seem to be more urgent in resource-poor settings [15] . Interdisciplinary surveillance would include surveillance of rabies virus in bats, in collaboration of health and agricultural authorities [10] .…”

Section: Case Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of this total, 222,036 (95.8%) received no or incomplete post-exposure prophylaxis, as compared to the Ministry of Health's prophylactic anti-rabies treatment guidelines [17] . Similarly, post-exposure prophylaxis in Haiti was very low, where only 31% of rabies exposed individuals had initiated post-exposure prophylaxis [15] . To achieve zero human deaths from rabies, universal access and availability of adequate post-exposure prophylaxis for all potential exposures will be needed.…”

Section: Case Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of human rabies surveillance and preventive measures in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil

Duarte¹,

Alencar²,

Neto³

et al. 2021

OHIR

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Aim:To analyze the One Health approach regarding rabies surveillance, control, and prevention in Brazil's Ceará State, exemplified by a detailed description of rabies cases that occurred over 18 years. Methods:We described in depth the history, case development, surveillance, and prevention measures of all cases of human rabies, 2004-2021. We analyzed patient charts and reviewed technical reports of the State Health Secretariat, in addition to analysis of personal notes from field missions. Results:All six cases occurred in rural areas. The affected people came from resource-poor communities. The state rapid response team performed comprehensive actions and seminars in collaboration with the Municipal Health Secretariats and other stakeholder groups. Patients and their relatives were not aware about the risk of wildlifemediated rabies. A high number of wild animals (marmosets) kept as pets were collected in the communities. Only one patient presented at a primary health care center before the onset of symptoms but did not receive any postexposure prophylaxis due to logistic problems. Even after onset of symptoms, in all cases, the suspected diagnosis Conclusion: Rabies in Ceará is a wildlife-mediated disease of the most vulnerable rural populations. There is a need for ongoing integrated surveillance and control measures, information and education campaigns, and professional training, especially focusing on wildlife-mediated rabies. An integrated One Health approach -as exemplified by the presented rabies control program in Ceará -is critical for human rabies elimination.

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“…In developed countries, bats and other wild animals are mainly responsible for rabies [7]. Recently, rabies in other species of wildlife, such as Chinese ferret badgers, greater tube-nosed bats, and raccoon dogs, has been increasingly reported, suggesting that wild animals can also serve as rabies reservoirs and play an emerging role in the transmission of rabies to humans and livestock [8][9][10]. Therefore, increasing rabies vaccination of free roaming dogs and wild animals could be crucial for rabies control worldwide, and the most practical method of rabies vaccination for these animals is oral vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel oral rabies vaccine enhances the immunogenicity through increasing dendritic cells activation and germinal center formation by expressing U-OMP19 in a mouse model

Zhao

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Rabies remains a public health threat in most parts of the world. Dogs, especially stray dogs, are the main sources of rabies transmission in developing countries, while wild animals are primarily responsible for the spread of rabies in developed countries and play an emerging role in rabies transmission in developing countries. Oral vaccination is the most practical method for rabies control in these animals, and the greatest challenge for oral vaccination is the hostile environment and large quantity of proteases in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, a promising adjuvant with potential protease inhibitory activity, unlipidated outer membrane protein 19 (U-OMP19), was inserted into the genome of the recombinant rabies virus (rRABV) strain LBNSE, designated LBNSE-U-OMP19, and the immunogenicity of LBNSE-U-OMP19 was investigated. LBNSE-U-OMP19 could potentially protect viral glycoprotein from digestion by gastrointestinal fluids in vitro . The expression of U-OMP19 attenuated viral pathogenicity by restricting viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS) and repressing the production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. After oral vaccination, LBNSE-U-OMP19 recruited dendritic cells (DCs), follicular helper T (T FH ) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells, promoted the formation of GCs, and increased the population of plasma cells in immunized mice, resulting in higher levels of RABV-neutralizing antibodies and better protection in mice immunized with LBNSE-U-OMP19 than in those immunized with the parent virus LBNSE. Together, our data suggest that LBNSE-U-OMP19 is a promising candidate for oral rabies vaccines.

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Using Surveillance of Animal Bite Patients to Decipher Potential Risks of Rabies Exposure From Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Brazil

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Zoonotic Risk: One More Good Reason Why Cats Should Be Kept Away from Bats

Zoonotic Risk: One More Good Reason Why Cats Should Be Kept Away from Bats

Integration of human rabies surveillance and preventive measures in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil

A novel oral rabies vaccine enhances the immunogenicity through increasing dendritic cells activation and germinal center formation by expressing U-OMP19 in a mouse model

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