Using modern plant breeding to improve the nutritional and technological qualities of oil crops

Abstract

-The last few decades have seen huge advances in our understanding of plant biology and in the development of new technologies for the manipulation of crop plants. The application of relatively straightforward breeding and selection methods made possible the "Green Revolution" of the 1960s and 1970s that effectively doubled or trebled cereal production in much of the world and averted mass famine in Asia. During the 2000s, much attention has been focused on genomic approaches to plant breeding with the deployment of a new generation of technologies, such as marker-assisted selection, next-generation sequencing, transgenesis (genetic engineering or GM) and automatic mutagenesis/selection (TILLING, TargetIng Local Lesions IN Genomes). These methods are now being applied to a wide range of crops and have particularly good potential for oil crop improvement in terms of both overall food and non-food yield and nutritional and technical quality of the oils. Key targets include increasing overall oil yield and stability on a per seed or per fruit basis and very high oleic acid content in seed and fruit oils for both premium edible and oleochemical applications. Other more specialised targets include oils enriched in nutritionally desirable "fish oil"-like fatty acids, especially very long chain ω-3 acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or increased levels of lipidic vitamins such as carotenoids, tocopherols and tocotrienes. Progress in producing such oils in commercial crops has been good in recent years with several varieties being released or at advanced stages of development.Résumé -Utilisation de la sélection variétale moderne pour améliorer les qualités nutritionnelles et technologiques des cultures oléagineuses. Les dernières décennies ont connu de grandes avancées dans la compréhension de la biologie des plantes et dans le développement de nouvelles technologies de manipulation des semences. L'application de méthodes de croisements variétal et les méthodes de sélection ont rendu possible la révolution verte des années 1960 et 1970 qui ont efficacement doublé voire triplé la production céréalière dans une grande partie du monde et évité des famines de masse en Asie. Durant les années 2000, davantage d'attention a été portée à des approches génomiques en sélection des plantes avec le déploiement d'une nouvelle génération de technologies, comme la sélection assistée par des marqueurs, le séquençage de la génération suivante, la transgénèse (ingénierie génétique ou OGM) et la mutagé-nèse/sélection automatique (ILLI NG, TargetIng Local Lesions IN Genomes). Ces méthodes sont désormais appliquées à un large éventail de semences et offrent, pour les oléagineux, un potentiel particulièrement intéressant à la fois en termes de rendement alimentaire et non-alimentaire, en qualité nutritionnelle et technique des huiles. Les objectifs clés incluent une amélioration du rendement global en huile et de la stabilité par graine ou par fruit, et un contenu très élevé en acide oléique da...

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