Uses of Microalgae in Aquaculture

Muller‐Feuga, Arnaud; Robert, R.; Cahu, Chantal; Robin, Jean; Divanach, P.

doi:10.1002/9780470995143.ch7

Cited by 73 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…The results of the present study agree well with those of previous research reporting beneficial effects of rearing marine fish larvae in the presence of microalgae including (1) earlier first feeding (Kentouri 1985, Naas et al 1992, Maurizi 2000, (2) reduction of metabolic stress and prolonged survival of unfed larvae (reviewed in Muller-Feuga et al 2003) and (3) dramatic improvement of early survival in marine fish species considered problematic to rear (Naas et al 1992. After first feeding, the presence of algae may also (4) increase rates of food consumption and/or growth , Bengtson et al 1999, van der Meeren et al 2007.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This stimulation of early feeding could be linked to the drinking phase, an important preliminary phase that maintains osmotic balance in the developing larvae as well as instigating absorption of dissolved organic material and ingestion of some small particulate matter (Muller-Feuga et al 2003). During the drinking phase, cod have been reported to ingest dinoflagellates either passively (via drinking) or actively (by filter feeding) (Ellertsen et al 1980, van der Meeren 1991, and evidence of some nutritional benefit from imbibing algae has been observed, including changes in phospholipid composition and triglycerol content in first-feeding larval cod attributed to the presence of microalgae (Isochrysis sp.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No significant differences in first feeding by cod larvae were observed over a larger range in light intensities (~50 to 690 lux) in the presence or absence of microalgae (van der Meeren et al 2007). The difference in feeding intensity between our NA and NO groups (which were at the same light and algal densities) supports the overriding effect of algal characteristics over light intensity in this particular study.This stimulation of early feeding could be linked to the drinking phase, an important preliminary phase that maintains osmotic balance in the developing larvae as well as instigating absorption of dissolved organic material and ingestion of some small particulate matter (Muller-Feuga et al 2003). During the drinking phase, cod have been reported to ingest dinoflagellates either passively (via drinking) or actively (by filter feeding) (Ellertsen et al 1980, van der Meeren 1991, and evidence of some nutritional benefit from imbibing algae has been observed, including changes in phospholipid composition and triglycerol content in first-feeding larval cod attributed to the presence of microalgae (Isochrysis sp.)…”

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Role of heterotrophic protists in first feeding by cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Overton

Meyer

Støttrup

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The present study evaluated whether the presence of autotrophic phytoplankton and/or heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Oxyrrhis marina) influenced first-feeding success and early larval growth and development of Baltic cod Gadus morhua L. Newly hatched cod larvae were maintained in salt water ('clear water', CW), greened water using Nannochloropsis sp. (NA) or a combination of Nannochloropsis sp. and O. marina (NO) from 2 to 11 d post-hatch. On each day, larvae from each group were placed into feeding tanks and provided potential prey (nauplii of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa). Feeding performance was measured both as the percentage incidence of feeding and gut fullness index. The onset of first feeding, point of no return and the magnitude of feeding were derived from the feeding incidence. The study clearly demonstrated precocious, exogenous feeding by cod larvae in the presence of Nannochloropsis sp. and O. marina by 1.2 and 2.2 d (10°C), respectively. Gut fullness was also significantly improved in the presence of both phytoplankton and protists over the entire window of opportunity (defined as the period between onset of first feeding and point of no return). However, the nutritional capacity of these unicellular organisms was not sufficient to alter the somatic growth characteristics in NA and NO groups relative to starving yolk-sac larvae maintained in only salt water (CW group). These findings expand the current understanding of the degree of interaction between fish larvae and unicellular plankton communities and indicate a lack of nutritional benefits from feeding on components of the pelagic microbial loop but a clear benefit in terms of 'priming' first-feeding capabilities.KEY WORDS: Protists · Marine fish · First feeding · Larvae · Cod · Oxyrrhis marina · Nannochloropsis sp. · Survival · Growth 410: 197-204, 2010 plankton is fed on by heterotrophic zooplankton that, in turn, is preyed upon by fish larvae. Analyses of larval fish gut contents and feeding behaviour has resulted in the claim that herbivorous, crustacean zooplankton (copepods) is the preferred prey of young marine fish larvae (Munk 1997, Pepin & Penney 2000. However, recently there has been some evidence to suggest a potential flexibility in the feeding behaviour of fish larvae (Pepin & Dower 2007). In particular, more focus has been given to representatives of the planktonic microbial loop. For example, marine fish larvae have been reported to directly feed on heterotrophic protists (Lasker 1975, Scura & Jerde 1977, Fukami et al. 1999, organisms that can be highly abundant in marine environments during specific time periods (Tamigneaux et al. 1997, Hansen & Jensen 2000, Sommer et al. 2002, Ptacnik 2003. However, it is still largely unknown if indirect (incidental) or direct ingestion of algae and heterotrophic protists provides any nutritional and/or energetic value for marine fish larvae. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog SerEvidence exists from marine fish larvi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of heterotrophic protists in first feeding by cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Overton

Meyer

Støttrup

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The use of green-waters was shown to improve the survival and growth of more than 40 species in comparison with clear-waters, and although the reasons for these positive effects are not fully understood, several hypothesis such as the stabilisation or improvement of the water quality, the continuous enrichment of prey, and the regulation of opportunistic bacteria and antibacterial or probiotic action have been pointed out (Müller-Feuga et al 2003). In this work, the use of the mixture of Rhodomonas/Isochrysis to enrich Artemia originated better results than DHA-Selco to rear paralarvae, and therefore the addition of these microalgae to tanks might be beneficial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Growth and fatty acid composition of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae fed with enriched Artemia or co-fed with an inert diet

et al. 2010

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The rearing of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae during its planktonic life stage is a major challenge, as mortality is currently very high and unpredictable. In this study, we examined the survival and growth rates, as well as the fatty acid composition, of O. vulgaris paralarvae fed on three different dietary treatments: group ArDHA was offered juvenile Artemia enriched with a lipid emulsion (Easy DHA-Selco Ò ); group ArMA was fed with juvenile Artemia enriched with a mixture of microalgae (Rhodomonas lens and Isochrysis galbana); and group ArMA?ID received the same Artemia as group ArMA complemented with an inert diet. Dietary treatments were tested in triplicate with homogenous groups of paralarvae (25 individuals l -1 ) established in 50-l tanks, and the experiment was conducted for 15 days. The survival rate of 15-day post-hatch (-dph) paralarvae from groups ArMA (20 ± 8%) and ArMA?ID (17 ± 4%) tended to be higher than in group ArDHA (13 ± 5%), though these differences were not statistically different. The dry weight (DW) of 15-dph paralarvae increased by almost 60% in groups ArMA and ArMA?ID, and nearly 40% in group ArDHA, with respect to hatchlings. The fatty acid (FA) composition of paralarvae revealed a remarkable drop of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) from hatchlings to 15-dph paralarvae of all groups (P \ 0.05). However, P. Seixas Á M. Rey-Méndez (paralarvae from group ArDHA contained higher levels of DHA than those from ArMA and ArMA?ID (P \ 0.05). Despite Artemia enriched with DHA-Selco Ò contained three-times more DHA than Artemia enriched with microalgae, no beneficial effects of this dietary treatment were observed on the performance of paralarvae.

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“…galbana clone T-ISO (Bendif et al 2013), are widely used in aquaculture to feed cultured bivalves, based on its favorable lipid content and fatty acid composition (Whyte 1987;Abdel-Hamid et al 1992;Muller-Feuga et al 2003b). The growth of two strains of Isochrysis has been studied at four temperatures and three light intensities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of different light spectra on the growth and biochemical composition of Tisochrysis lutea

2015

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We determined the effects of various light spectra (white, green, blue, and red) on the growth rate, biochemical composition, and fatty acid content of Tisochrysis lutea (Haptophyta, Isochrysidales) maintained in batch cultures. The growth rate peaked with white and blue light, and the lowest rate was observed with green and red light. The chlorophyll a content differed significantly between light spectra and growth phases-higher values were recorded with blue and red light in both growth phases. The proximal composition varied significantly with growth phases and light spectrum. In the exponential growth phase, protein content was significantly greater with blue light and in the stationary phase with green light. The level of carbohydrates in the exponential growth phase was significantly higher for white light, but unchanged in the stationary growth phase between light spectra. The lipid percentages were similar in the exponential phase but differed significantly in the stationary growth phase. The lipid percentages peaked in the stationary growth phase with red and green light. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were seen in white light in the exponential growth phase and under green light in the stationary growth phase. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were greatest in the exponential growth phase with red light and in the stationary growth phase with green light. Blue light increased the DHA content in both growth phases. We conclude that T. lutea alters its metabolic pathways and experience shifts in growth rate, proximate composition, and fatty acid content, depending on the type of light used.

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Uses of Microalgae in Aquaculture

Cited by 73 publications

References 157 publications

Role of heterotrophic protists in first feeding by cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Role of heterotrophic protists in first feeding by cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Growth and fatty acid composition of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae fed with enriched Artemia or co-fed with an inert diet

Effect of different light spectra on the growth and biochemical composition of Tisochrysis lutea

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