Use of THM-PY-GC/MS technique to characterize complex, multilayered Chinese lacquer

Hao, Xinying; Schilling, Michael; Wang, Xin; Khanjian, Herant; Heginbotham, Arlen; Han, Jing; Auffret, Stéphanie; Wu, Xianjun; Fang, Bei-Song; Tong, Hua

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2019.04.011

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Based on the principle of minimum intervention, the original materials and techniques should be used for cultural relic restoration. Although there has been an increasing number of studies about the materials and techniques used in ancient wall paintings [3,4], colored paintings [5,6], and lacquerware [7][8][9], no study has been carried out on the materials and techniques used to create inscribed plaques. Therefore, in this study, we used a number of multi-analytical scientific technologies, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) to analyze microsamples that fell off of the "Chun Rong Xuan Mao" birthday inscribed plaque in the Bashu area during the reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.…”

Section: Bashu Area a Region Currently Under Administration Of Sichumentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Zheng¹,

Wang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In ancient China, people presented inscribed plaques as gifts to the elderly on their birthdays to wish them longevity. Under long-term weathering conditions, the plaques, often hung on the lintel of a door, gradually deform, the words fade,and the decorative parts deteriorate. Whenever possible, original materials and techniques should be used to restore such cultural relics. Therefore, it is important to analyze the materials and techniques used for the production of the inscribed plaques. However, no study has been carried out on the materials and techniques used to create inscribed plaques. In this study, multi-analytical scientific approach, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), were used to explore the materials and techniques utilized to create the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” birthday inscribed plaque in the Bashu area of China produced during the fifth year of the reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the plaque wad made of cypress wood and decorative parts consisting of the surface lacquer layers, plaster lacquer layers and primer lacquer layers. Chinese lacquer was the principal material used in the surface lacquer layers; gypsum and Chinese lacquer were the materials used in the plaster lacquer layers; and the primer lacquer layers was composed of Chinese lacquer, calcite, and mixed pigments by cinnabar and minium. The surface lacquer layers of the inscribed plaque were lacquered black. Gypsum lacquer plaster has been commonly used in the ground layer of lacquerware in modern history. This study confirmed the existence of technology to make lacquerware using gypsum lacquer plaster in the Bashu area during the late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, this study not only provides new findings regarding the traditional production of inscribed plaques and offers technical support for the protection and restoration of such plaques but also has great significance to exploring the history of ancient techniques of lacquering and decorating lacquerware.

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Section: Bashu Area a Region Currently Under Administration Of Sichumentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Zheng¹,

Wang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the materials and techniques of a birthday inscribed lacquer plaque of the Qing Dynasty

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Herit Sci

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In this study, in order to analyze the materials and techniques used for the production of the inscribed plaques, multi-analytical scientific approach, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), were used to explore the materials and techniques utilized to create the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” birthday inscribed plaque of the Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the plaque was made of cypress wood and decorative parts consisting of the surface lacquer layers, plaster lacquer layers and primer lacquer layers. Chinese lacquer was the principal material used in the surface lacquer layers; gypsum and Chinese lacquer were the materials used in the plaster lacquer layers; and the primer lacquer layers was composed of Chinese lacquer, calcite, and mixed pigments by cinnabar and minium. The surface lacquer layers of the inscribed plaque were lacquered black. Gypsum lacquer plaster has been commonly used in the ground layer of lacquerware in modern history. This study confirmed the existence of technology to make lacquerware using gypsum lacquer plaster in the Bashu area during the late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, this study not only provides new findings regarding the traditional production of inscribed plaques and offers technical support for the protection and restoration of such plaques but also has great significance to exploring the history of ancient techniques of lacquering and decorating lacquerware.

show abstract

“…Based on the principle of minimum intervention, the original materials and techniques should be used for cultural relic restoration. Although there has been an increasing number of studies about the materials and techniques used in ancient wall paintings [3,4], colored paintings [5,6], and lacquerware [7][8][9], no study has been carried out on the materials and techniques used to create inscribed plaques. Therefore, in this study, we used a number of multi-analytical scienti c technologies, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-attenuated total re ection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) to analyze microsamples that fell off of the "Chun Rong Xuan Mao" birthday inscribed plaque in the Bashu area during the reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Materials and Techniques of a Birthday Inscribed Lacquer Plaque of the Qing Dynasty

Zheng¹,

Wang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, in order to analyze the materials and techniques used for the production of the inscribed plaques, multi-analytical scientific approach, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), were used to explore the materials and techniques utilized to create the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” birthday inscribed plaque of the Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the plaque was made of cypress wood and decorative parts consisting of the surface lacquer layers, plaster lacquer layers and primer lacquer layers. Chinese lacquer was the principal material used in the surface lacquer layers; gypsum and Chinese lacquer were the materials used in the plaster lacquer layers; and the primer lacquer layers was composed of Chinese lacquer, calcite, and mixed pigments by cinnabar and minium. The surface lacquer layers of the inscribed plaque were lacquered black. Gypsum lacquer plaster has been commonly used in the ground layer of lacquerware in modern history. This study confirmed the existence of technology to make lacquerware using gypsum lacquer plaster in the Bashu area during the late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, this study not only provides new findings regarding the traditional production of inscribed plaques and offers technical support for the protection and restoration of such plaques but also has great significance to exploring the history of ancient techniques of lacquering and decorating lacquerware.

show abstract

Use of THM-PY-GC/MS technique to characterize complex, multilayered Chinese lacquer

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Characterization of the materials and techniques of a birthday inscribed lacquer plaque of the Qing Dynasty

Characterization of the Materials and Techniques of a Birthday Inscribed Lacquer Plaque of the Qing Dynasty

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