Use of the 15 N gas flux method to measure the source and level of N2O and N2 emissions from grazed grassland

Baily, A.; Watson, C. J.; Laughlin, R. J.; Matthews, D.I.; McGeough, Karen; Jordan, Phillip

doi:10.1007/s10705-012-9541-x

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Denitrification has been identified as the main source of N 2 O in urine‐treated soils (Monaghan and Barraclough, 1993; Orwin et al, 2010; Baily et al, 2012). Accordingly, increased emissions have been reported when WFPS of an excreta‐treated silt loam soil was above 60% (Clough et al, 2004; Bhandral et al, 2007), a level above which denitrification is favored (Linn and Doran, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

et al. 2014

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Urine and dung deposited by grazing dairy cows are a major source of nitrous oxide (NO), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. In this study, we quantified the emissions of NO after deposition of dairy cow excreta onto two grassland sites with contrasting soil types in eastern Canada. Our objectives were to determine the impact of excreta type, urine-N rate, time of the year, and soil type on annual NO emissions. Emissions were monitored on sandy loam and clay soils after spring, summer, and fall urine (5 and 10 g N patch) and dung (1.75 kg fresh weight dung) applications to perennial grasses in two successive years. The mean NO emission factor (EF) for urine was 1.09% of applied N in the clay soil and 0.31% in the sandy loam soil, estimates much smaller than the default Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value for total excreta N (2%). Despite variations in urine composition and in climatic conditions, these soil-specific EFs were similar for the two urine-N application rates. The time of the year when urine was applied had no impact on emissions from the sandy loam soil, but greater EFs were observed after summer (1.59%) than spring (1.14%) and fall (0.55%) applications in the clay soil. Dung deposition impact on NO emission was smaller than that of urine, with a mean EF of 0.15% in the sandy loam soil and 0.08% in the clay soil. Our results suggest (i) that the IPCC default EF overestimates NO emissions from grazing cattle excreta in eastern Canada by a factor of 4.3 and (ii) that a region-specific inventory methodology should account for soil type and should use specific EFs for urine and dung.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

et al. 2014

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“…Regosol (locally known as purple soil) is widely distributed over an area greater than 160,000 km 2 in this region , and the annual precipitation is concentrated in the period from July to October. In general, it is thought that nitrification contributes significantly to N 2 O formation during the dry season (approximately 85%) but less (approximately 30%) significantly during the wet season (Kiese et al 2008), and denitrification is the dominant process for N 2 O production in wet, poorly drained soils (Wrage et al 2001;Baily et al 2012). To improve our knowledge of the relationships between the community abundance of nitrifiers and denitrifiers and N 2 O emissions from fertilized agricultural soils, we monitored N 2 O emissions from purple soil under various fertilization regimes using static chamber-gas chromatography and examined the abundances of ammonia oxidizers and the denitrifiers using real-time PCR with amoA, nirS and nosZ used as molecular indicators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage of N₂O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Dong

Zhu

Hua

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Microbial nitrification and denitrification are responsible for the majority of soil nitrous (N 2 O) emissions. In this study, N 2 O emissions were measured and the abundance of ammonium oxidizers and denitrifiers were quantified in purple soil in a long-term fertilization experiment to explore their relationships. The average N 2 O fluxes and abundance of the amoAgene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria during the observed dry season were highest when treated with mixed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK) and a single N treatment (N) using NH 4 HCO 3 as the sole N source; lower values were obtained using organic manure with pig slurry and added NPK at a ratio of 40%:60% (OMNPK),organic manure with pig slurry (OM) and returning crop straw residue plus synthetic NH 4 HCO 3 fertilizer at a ratio of 15%:85% (SRNPK). The lowest N 2 O fluxes were observed in the treatment that used crop straw residue(SR) and in the control with no fertilizer (CK). Soil NH 4 + provides the substrate for nitrification generating N 2 O as a byproduct. The N 2 O flux was significantly correlated with the abundance of the amoA gene in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (r = 0.984, p < 0.001), which was the main driver of nitrification. During the wet season, soil nitrate (NO 3 − ) and soil organic matter (SOC) were found positively correlated with N 2 O emissions (r = 0.774, p = 0.041 and r = 0.827, p = 0.015, respectively). The nirS gene showed a similar trend with N 2 O fluxes. These results show the relationship between the abundance of soil microbes and N 2 O emissions and suggest that N 2 O emissions during the dry season were due to nitrification, whereas in wet season, denitrification might dominate N 2 O emission.

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“…The rates of N 2 O reduction have been shown to increase more than N 2 O production rates as temperatures increased from 2 to 25°C, suggesting that N 2 O emissions dominate at relatively lower temperatures while N 2 emissions dominate at higher temperatures (Maag and Vinther 1996). An experiment performed in a grazed pasture soil supported this finding with N 2 O emissions higher than N 2 emissions during spring when the soil temperature was low (5-10°C), whereas during summer, the ratio of N 2 O to N 2 emissions declined (Baily et al 2012). Thus, with decreasing temperatures, total N 2 O emissions may increase with an overall decrease in denitrifying activity.…”

Section: Factors Controlling the Magnitude Of N 2 O Emissions From Grmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…An experiment performed in a grazed pasture soil supported this finding with N 2 O emissions higher than N 2 emissions during spring when the soil temperature was low (5–10°C), whereas during summer, the ratio of N 2 O to N 2 emissions declined (Baily et al . ). Thus, with decreasing temperatures, total N 2 O emissions may increase with an overall decrease in denitrifying activity.…”

Section: Factors Controlling the Magnitude Of N2o Emissions From Grazmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nitrous oxide emissions from pastures during wet and cold seasons

Uchida

Clough

2015

Grassland Science

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Grazed pastures contribute significantly to the global nitrous oxide (N 2 O) budget. In grazed pastures, the highest N 2 O emission rates are often reported during winter when soils are wet. This review discusses the current knowledge about factors controlling winter N 2 O emissions in grazed pastures. High N 2 O emissions from pastures during winter are also observed from winter-housed animal feeding systems. At near-zero temperature, N 2 O producing microbial activity is limited but some soil microbial communities adjust to low temperature better than others. Soil microbiological studies focusing on the identification of cold-tolerant denitrifiers and/or changes in microbial community structures under cold conditions are required. In winter-grazed pastures, the availability of substrates, such as nitrate (NO À 3 ) and labile organic carbon (C), for soil microbes producing N 2 O is influenced by factors such as animal wintering system, effluent management systems and plant activity. When animals are housed, N 2 O emissions during the winter storage of manures and the emissions after their application are important contributors to N 2 O inventories. The activity of pasture during winter and its relationship to N 2 O emissions requires further study in order to understand the competition between plants and N 2 O producing microbes for nitrogen, and the role of root exudation. Additionally, the effect of low temperatures on nutrient availability under urine patches is still not well known. The reduction of N 2 O to dinitrogen is regulated by an enzyme N 2 O reductase and its encoding gene (nosZ) expression needs to be studied in more detail to investigate the mechanisms behind winter N 2 O emissions. To mitigate N 2 O emissions during winter, restricted grazing regimes and the use of nitrification inhibitors have been studied; however, little is known about the effectiveness of these methods in mitigating N 2 O emissions during freeze/thaw cycles and during periods of snow-cover.

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Use of the 15 N gas flux method to measure the source and level of N2O and N2 emissions from grazed grassland

Cited by 35 publications

References 42 publications

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

Linkage of N₂O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Nitrous oxide emissions from pastures during wet and cold seasons

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Use of the 15 N gas flux method to measure the source and level of N2O and N2 emissions from grazed grassland

Cited by 35 publications

References 42 publications

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Deposition of Dairy Cow Excreta in Eastern Canada

Linkage of N2O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Nitrous oxide emissions from pastures during wet and cold seasons

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Linkage of N₂O emissions to the abundance of soil ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in purple soil under long-term fertilization