Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland

Abstract

Abstract. In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) dnd levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contanlination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottonl sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.

An Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soils within Auto-Mechanic Workshops Using Enrichment and Contamination Factors with Geoaccumulation Indexes

“…According to this technique metal concentrations were normalized to the textural characteristic of soils. Most commonly used reference elements include Sc, Mn, Al and Fe [34]. In this study, Fe was chosen as the geochemical normalizer because of its conservative nature during diagenesis [35].…”

Geochemistry of terrigenous sediments in surface water from ore and okitipupa southwest, Nigeria

“…In previous study, Aluminum, Iron, Chromium and Manganese were used as reference element (Loska et al, 1997;Gary et al, 1995). The reference crustal ratio was taken from Wedepohl (Wedephol, 1961).…”

“…Few studies had in water (Loska et al, 1997;Wedephol, 1961;Birth, 2003). Scandium (Sc) and Titanium (Ti) Aluminum (Al), Zirconium (Zr) and Iron (Fe) are often used in computing enrichment factor (Ediagbonya, 2016;Hosseini et al, 2015) while some studies had used Manganese (Mn) and Chromium (Cr) for the computation of enrichment factor (Loska et al, 1997, Vale´rie, andJiska, 2004;Zhang et al, 2003).…”

Environmental Geochemistry of Uranium in Recent Sediments of Alkhasa Valley in Kirkuk City / Northern Iraq

“…It is expressed by the following equation (Müller, 1969): where Cm = measuredtotal concentration of metals (U) (n) in soils and Recent sediment (μg·g −1 ); Bn= geochemical background values of metals (U) (n)(μg·g −1 ) (Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961) the average of uranium in earth's crust is (1.7 ppm); 1.5 = the background matrix correction factor due to lithogenic effects (Loska et al, 1997;Gonzáles-Macías et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2007).The I geo scale consists of seven grades (0-6) ranging from uncontaminated to very highly contaminated (Table 4).…”