Use of design of experiments and Monte Carlo method for instruments optimal design

Moschioni, G.; Saggin, Bortolino; Tarabini, Marco; Hald, Jørgen; Mørkholt, Jakob

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2012.10.024

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The effect of the three factors (cameras' distance, gait direction, and resolution) on the measurement error was assessed using the following analysis of variance (ANOVA) model design (Moschioni et al, 2013):…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Tracking of Human Motion Using Visual Skeletonization and Stereoscopic Vision

Zago

Luzzago²,

Marangoni³

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The design of markerless systems to reconstruct human motion in a timely, unobtrusive and externally valid manner is still an open challenge. Artificial intelligence algorithms based on automatic landmarks identification on video images opened to a new approach, potentially e-viable with low-cost hardware. OpenPose is a library that t using a two-branch convolutional neural network allows for the recognition of skeletons in the scene. Although OpenPose-based solutions are spreading, their metrological performances relative to video setup are still largely unexplored. This paper aimed at validating a two-cameras OpenPose-based markerless system for gait analysis, considering its accuracy relative to three factors: cameras' relative distance, gait direction and video resolution. Two volunteers performed a walking test within a gait analysis laboratory. A marker-based optical motion capture system was taken as a reference. Procedures involved: calibration of the stereoscopic system; acquisition of video recordings, simultaneously with the reference marker-based system; video processing within OpenPose to extract the subject's skeleton; videos synchronization; triangulation of the skeletons in the two videos to obtain the 3D coordinates of the joints. Two set of parameters were considered for the accuracy assessment: errors in trajectory reconstruction and error in selected gait space-temporal parameters (step length, swing and stance time). The lowest error in trajectories (∼20 mm) was obtained with cameras 1.8 m apart, highest resolution and straight gait, and the highest (∼60 mm) with the 1.0 m, low resolution and diagonal gait configuration. The OpenPose-based system tended to underestimate step length of about 1.5 cm, while no systematic biases were found for swing/stance time. Step length significantly changed according to gait direction (p = 0.008), camera distance (p = 0.020), and resolution (p < 0.001). Among stance and swing times, the lowest errors (0.02 and 0.05 s for stance and swing, respectively) were obtained with the 1 m, highest resolution and straight gait configuration. These findings confirm the feasibility of tracking kinematics and gait parameters of a single subject in a 3D space using two low-cost webcams and the OpenPose engine. In particular, the maximization of cameras distance and video resolution enabled to achieve the highest metrological performances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Tracking of Human Motion Using Visual Skeletonization and Stereoscopic Vision

Zago

Luzzago²,

Marangoni³

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The system calibration procedure included the experimental evaluation of the measurement uncertainty and the compensation of the bias errors [27,28]. The latter were significant only in the "laser spot and cameras" subsystem, where the lasers' misalignment results in a drift of the cart position and a linearly increasing roll angle.…”

Section: System Calibration and Uncertainty Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Moving 3D Laser Scanner for Automated Underbridge Inspection

et al. 2017

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Recent researches have proven that the underbridge geometry can be reconstructed by mounting a 3D laser scanner on a motorized cart travelling on a walkway located under the bridge. The walkway is moved by a truck and the accuracy of the bridge model depends on the accuracy of the trajectory of the scanning head with respect to a fixed reference system. In this paper, we describe a vision-based measurement system that can be used to identify the relative motion of the cart that moves the 3D laser scanner with respect to the walkway. The orientation of the walkway with respect to the bridge is determined using inclinometers and a camera that detect the position of a laser spot, while the position of the truck with respect to the bridge is measured using a conventional odometer. The accuracy of the proposed system was initially evaluated by numerical simulations and successively verified by experiments in laboratory conditions. The complete system has then been tested by comparing the geometry of buildings reconstructed using the proposed system with the geometry obtained with a static scan. Results showed that the error is less than 6 mm; given the satisfying quality of the point clouds obtained, it is also possible to detect small defects on the surface.

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“…This numerical method, when combined with DoE, allows measuring the variation impact of each factor on the overall performance of the system while investigating the variation of all other involved parameters. Practical applications of this combined methodology approach are often seen in manufacturing process improvement . Still, to date, literature provides no works reporting the implementation of DoE coupled with Monte Carlo to optimize the operating conditions in gasification processes, and only a few works are based on the use of DoE approach on the subject.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Practical applications of this combined methodology approach are often seen in manufacturing process improvement. 23 Still, to date, literature provides no works reporting the implementation of DoE coupled with Monte Carlo to optimize the operating conditions in gasification processes, and only a few works are based on the use of DoE approach on the subject.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process optimization and robustness analysis of municipal solid waste gasification using air‐carbon dioxide mixtures as gasifying agent

2019

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Summary In this work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was coupled with an advanced statistical strategy combining design of experiments (DoE) and the Monte Carlo method to comparatively optimize and test the robustness of two municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification processes one using air‐carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures as a gasifying agent and the other using air alone. A 3k full factorial design of 18 computer simulations was performed using as input factors for air‐CO2 mixtures the equivalence ratio and CO2‐to‐MSW ratio, while MSW feeding rate and air flow rate were used for air gasification. The selected responses were CO2, H2, CO, and CnHm generation, CH4/H2 and H2/CO ratios, carbon conversion, and cold gas efficiency (CGE). Findings were that DoE allowed determining the best‐operating conditions to achieve optimal syngas quality. Monte Carlo identified the best‐operating conditions reaching a more stable high‐quality syngas. Air‐CO2 mixture gasification showed enhanced responses with major improvements in CO2 conversion and CGE, both up to a 13% increase. The optimal operating conditions that set the optimized responses showed to not always imply the most stable set of values to operate the system. Finally, this combined optimization process performance revealed to grant professionals the ability to make smarter decisions in an industrial environment.

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Use of design of experiments and Monte Carlo method for instruments optimal design

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

3D Tracking of Human Motion Using Visual Skeletonization and Stereoscopic Vision

3D Tracking of Human Motion Using Visual Skeletonization and Stereoscopic Vision

A Moving 3D Laser Scanner for Automated Underbridge Inspection

Process optimization and robustness analysis of municipal solid waste gasification using air‐carbon dioxide mixtures as gasifying agent

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