Use of Coffee, Caffeinated Drinks and Caffeine Tablets for Cognitive Enhancement in Pupils and Students in Germany

Franke, Andreas G.; Christmann, M.; Bonertz, C.; Fellgiebel, Andreas; Huß, Michael; Lieb, Klaus

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286347

Cited by 55 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…benzodiazepines, herbal sedatives). Substances used most commonly by students to enhance their study performance are caffeine and energy drinks [9,19,20]. In addition, studies illustrated that cannabis and marijuana have been used to relax while studying [21].…”

Section: Definition Of Cognitive Enhancement and Overview Of Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences

Mache

Eickenhorst

Vitzthum

et al. 2012

Wien Med Wochenschr

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Section: Definition Of Cognitive Enhancement and Overview Of Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to deal with the increased study demands, it is assumed that more and more German students are taking performance and cognitive-enhancing stimulants both for handling the pressure at university and to improve their academic performance [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences

Mache

Eickenhorst

Vitzthum

et al. 2012

Wien Med Wochenschr

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“…The lifetime prevalence of NE with coffee or caffeinated drinks for students has been reported to be 53% and 39%, respectively [14]. For prescription drug NE and illicit substances NE, the lifetime prevalence has been found to range from 7% to 9% among American students University and College; [15-17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling students’ instrumental (mis-) use of substances to enhance cognitive performance: Neuroenhancement in the light of job demands-resources theory

Wolff

Brand

Baumgarten

et al. 2014

BioPsychoSocial Med

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BackgroundHealthy university students have been shown to use psychoactive substances, expecting them to be functional means for enhancing their cognitive capacity, sometimes over and above an essentially proficient level. This behavior called Neuroenhancement (NE) has not yet been integrated into a behavioral theory that is able to predict performance. Job Demands Resources (JD-R) Theory for example assumes that strain (e.g. burnout) will occur and influence performance when job demands are high and job resources are limited at the same time. The aim of this study is to investigate whether or not university students’ self-reported NE can be integrated into JD-R Theory’s comprehensive approach to psychological health and performance.Methods1,007 students (23.56 ± 3.83 years old, 637 female) participated in an online survey. Lifestyle drug, prescription drug, and illicit substance NE together with the complete set of JD-R variables (demands, burnout, resources, motivation, and performance) were measured. Path models were used in order to test our data’s fit to hypothesized main effects and interactions.ResultsJD-R Theory could successfully be applied to describe the situation of university students. NE was mainly associated with the JD-R Theory’s health impairment process: Lifestyle drug NE (p < .05) as well as prescription drug NE (p < .001) is associated with higher burnout scores, and lifestyle drug NE aggravates the study demands-burnout interaction. In addition, prescription drug NE mitigates the protective influence of resources on burnout and on motivation.ConclusionAccording to our results, the uninformed trying of NE (i.e., without medical supervision) might result in strain. Increased strain is related to decreased performance. From a public health perspective, intervention strategies should address these costs of non-supervised NE. With regard to future research we propose to model NE as a means to reach an end (i.e. performance enhancement) rather than a target behavior itself. This is necessary to provide a deeper understanding of the behavioral roots and consequences of the phenomenon.

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“…Allerdings wurde die Befragung zur Erlangung einer hohen Rücklaufrate in Klassen-/Seminarräu-men in Anwesenheit des Lehrers/Professors durchgeführt, was zu geringeren Prävalenzraten geführt haben dürfte. Prävalenzra-ten für den Gebrauch von koff einhaltigen Substanzen (Kaff ee, Energy Drinks und Koff eintabletten) zum pharmakologischen Neuroenhancement liegen deutlich höher [ 19 ] . …”

Section: Muster Des Missbrauchs Von (Psycho-) Stimulanzien Zum Pharmaunclassified

Muster des Missbrauchs von (Psycho-) Stimulanzien zum pharmakologischen Neuroenhancement bei Studierenden

2011

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Zusammenfassung Ziel: Auch in Deutschland werden verschreibungspflichtige und illegale (Psycho-) Stimulanzien wie Methylphenidat und Amphetamine von Studierenden ohne medizinische Indikation zur geistigen Leistungssteigerung missbraucht. ?ber die Charakteristika dieses sog. pharmakologischen Neuroenhancements (PN) ist bislang nur wenig bekannt. Methoden: Semistrukturierte Interviews mit 20 Studierenden, die Stimulanzien zum PN eingenommen haben, ?ber Aspekte des PN (Motive, Einstellungen usw.). Ergebnisse: Es lassen sich 2 Muster des Substanzmissbrauchs zum PN unterscheiden, die zum Teil flie?end ineinander ?bergehen und die exemplarisch anhand zweier Fallbeispiele dargestellt werden: Ein Muster ist charakterisiert durch transienten Missbrauch von Stimulanzien gezielt und ausschlie?lich zum PN w?hrend Phasen hoher Leistungsanforderungen. Das zweite Muster ist charakterisiert durch kombiniertes PN und Substanzmissbrauch sowie -abh?ngigkeit bzgl. Stimulanzien und verschiedener legaler und illegaler Drogen. Schlussfolgerung: PN tritt entweder weitgehend isoliert oder gemeinsam mit kombiniertem Substanzmissbrauch bzw. Substanzabh?ngigkeit auf. Epidemiologische Studien m?ssen die H?ufigkeit beider Muster und das Risiko der Entwicklung einer Substanzabh?ngigkeit bei phasenweise betriebenem PN analysieren.

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Use of Coffee, Caffeinated Drinks and Caffeine Tablets for Cognitive Enhancement in Pupils and Students in Germany

Abstract: The use of coffee and caffeinated drinks for CE was found to be widespread in the surveyed population. Although the use of caffeine tablets was found to be smaller than the above-mentioned means, it still indicates a relatively high disposition for using tablets for purposes of CE.

Cited by 55 publications

References 21 publications

Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences

Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences

Modeling students’ instrumental (mis-) use of substances to enhance cognitive performance: Neuroenhancement in the light of job demands-resources theory

Muster des Missbrauchs von (Psycho-) Stimulanzien zum pharmakologischen Neuroenhancement bei Studierenden

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