Use-case scenarios for an anti-Cryptosporidium therapeutic

Ashigbie, Paul G.; Shepherd, Susan; Steiner, Kevin L.; Amadi, Beatrice; Aziz, Natasha; Manjunatha, Ujjini H.; Spector, J. Michael; Diagana, Thierry T.; Kelly, Paul

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009057

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Among the opportunistic agents, Cryptosporidium , a protozoan parasite classically associated with AIDS, is the most frequent finding in children with diarrhea. The two species more frequently isolated are C. parvum (mostly subtype IIa), usually considered a zoonotic disease, and C. hominis , almost exclusively transmitted from person-to-person [ 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Section: The Spectrum Of Diarrheal Disease In Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV

2021

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Thanks to the advances in antiretroviral therapies (ART) and early diagnosis, pediatric HIV has turned into a chronic infection that requires the collaboration of all pediatric subspecialists for holistic patient management. Gastrointestinal complaints are a frequent reason for seeking access to medical care in all pediatric patients worldwide. Intestinal involvement is present in virtually all children with HIV infections. In high-prevalence settings, up to 25% of children accessing the hospital for diarrhea are diagnosed with HIV. More than half of patients with advanced disease present with gastrointestinal symptoms, from mild infectious diarrhea to severe gastrointestinal impairment, malabsorption and failure to thrive. Gastrointestinal disorders do not spare children on ART, particularly in the initial months of therapy. ART-associated pancreatitis and hepatitis are rare but potentially severe adverse events, whereas lower abdominal symptoms have been reported in more than a third of patients. The latter are usually mild and transient, but may limit ART adherence; a correct framing of the problem is necessary to minimize therapy switches while optimizing the quality of life of children on ART. This review aims to provide state-of-the-art guidance for the initial approach to gastrointestinal diseases in children living with HIV.

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Section: The Spectrum Of Diarrheal Disease In Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV

2021

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“…In neonatal livestock, cryptosporidiosis can cause profuse diarrhoea, weight loss and death [ 11 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], resulting in significant production losses [ 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The only US Food and Drug Administration approved drug, nitazoxanide, is ineffective in the most affected populations (children and immunocompromised individuals) and there is no FDA-approved vaccine [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. In animals, nitazoxanide is also largely ineffective and while Halocur ® (halofuginone lactate) has been licensed in some countries as a prophylactic, its effectiveness is variable and it cannot be given to animals that already have diarrhoea [ 11 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Ryan

Zahedi

Feng

et al. 2021

Animals

116

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The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.

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“…It may be due to the improvement of the sanitation and hygiene system. Empirical use of antiparasitic drugs could be one of the reasons behind the low prevalence of intestinal parasites in our country [115,116]. Failure to detect intestinal protozoan parasites may be due to seasonal variation and the intermittent nature of excretion of this parasite in the stool [47,117].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Parasitic Infections among the Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh with Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis

Nipa¹,

Akter²,

Hira³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are one of the global health concerns in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among them, Cryptosporidium spp. plays an essential role in causing diarrhea, malnutrition, and poor cognitive function, especially in children. The study was conducted to identify the frequency of cryptosporidium cases and other parasitic agents. Methods: A Cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 219 hospitalized children with diarrhea. The conventional microscopic technique was applied for parasitic detection. A particular staining procedure was performed to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. And PCR was conducted to determine the SSU rRNA and gp60 gene of Cryptosporidium. Results: Cyst of Giardia, ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (AL), Trichuris trichiura (TT), AL, and TT were identified in 2.3%, 1.4%, 0.5%, and 0.9% samples by wet mount preparation. The distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. was 1.4% and 4.1%, which was detected by the staining method and nested PCR. Factors independently associated with Cryptosporidium infection are unsafe water, lack of regular hand washing, and insufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: This is the first report to detect the frequency of Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasites and associated factors in Chattogram city of Bangladesh.

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Use-case scenarios for an anti-Cryptosporidium therapeutic

Cited by 34 publications

References 109 publications

Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV

Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children Living with HIV

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

Intestinal Parasitic Infections among the Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh with Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis

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