Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification

Abstract

The interest of pharmaceutical companies for complementary high-performance chromatographic tools to assess a product's purity or enhance this purity is on the rise. The high-throughput capability and economic benefits of supercritical fluid chromatography, but also the "green" aspect of CO2 as the principal solvent, render supercritical fluid chromatography very attractive for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. The recent reintroduction of new robust instruments dedicated to supercritical fluid chromatography and the progress in stationary phase technology have also greatly benefited supercritical fluid chromatography. Additionally, it was shown several times that supercritical fluid chromatography could be orthogonal to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and could efficiently compete with it. Supercritical fluid chromatography is an adequate tool for small molecules of pharmaceutical interest: synthetic intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients, impurities, or degradation products. In this review, we first discuss about general chromatographic conditions for supercritical fluid chromatography analysis to better suit compounds of pharmaceutical interest. We also discuss about the use of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography for analytical purposes and the recent applications in these areas. The use of preparative supercritical fluid chromatography by pharmaceutical companies is also covered.

Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis

“…Owing to the more volatile mobile phases in comparison with those in UHPLC, UHPSFC-MS can moreover be more sensitive and less prone to MEs, especially for polar analytes. Because of the different selectivities and retention mechanisms, UHPSCF-MS is considered as an alternative or complementary approach to UHPLC-MS. Owing to its high potential applicability in the field of bioanalysis and enantioselective separations, SFC-MS is increasingly used to analyse pharmaceuticals in biological samples [36,[76][77][78][79].…”

Investigation of chromatographic peak broadening in supercritical fluid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

“…ESI, enabling efficient ionization of moderate to high polarity compounds, is now used in most of SFC/MS analyses. Nevertheless, separation of low to moderate polarity substances remains the important target of SFC application in food analysis, metabolomics, clinical analysis and pharmaceutical industry [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Although APCI can be more favorable for low to moderate polarity compounds than ESI it occupies only a small share of SFC/MS publications (21% out of 157 references on Web of Science published in 2000-2018 [2]).…”

Enantiomeric separation of six chiral pesticides that contain chiral sulfur/phosphorus atoms by supercritical fluid chromatography

“…The development and improvement of SFC separation technology are drawing an increasing attention in the field of research study and practical application [14][15][16]. According to the available literature, the SFC enantioseparation of racemic compounds has been mostly applied in one or two chiral carbon atoms drugs [17][18][19][20][21] and pesticides [22][23][24]; however, the use of SFC in the chiral S/P atoms was rarely reported [25,26].…”