Usage of saccharin in food products and its intake by the population of Lucknow, India

Abstract

A survey of the usage patterns of the artificial sweetener, saccharin, in edible products and a study of its intake pattern in different population groups has been carried out. Of the different edible commodities, ice candy (87 samples) and crushed ice (14 samples), commonly consumed by children, and pan masala (16 samples) and pan flavourings (10 samples), consumed by the habitual population, were collected from different areas of Lucknow, India. Saccharin was extracted from the samples according to an AOAC method and analysed by HPLC. The consumption pattern of ice candy and crushed ice was determined for 6-20 year olds from a household dietary survey using the food frequency recall method (414 families having 1039 subjects). The consumption of pan masala and pan was assessed by a survey of habitual adult consumers comprising 782 and 1141 subjects, respectively. The average and maximum amounts of saccharin in pan masala samples were 12 750 and 24 300 mg kg-1, respectively, which are 1.6- and 3-fold higher than the maximum permitted levels allowed under Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act of India. In pan flavourings, the average and maximum amount of saccharin was 12.2 and 20.1%, i.e. 1.52- and 2.5-fold higher than the permissible limits of the PFA Act. The samples of ice candy and crushed ice showed average and maximum levels of 200 and 700 mg kg-1 and 280 and 460 mg kg-1, respectively. The average intake of saccharin through ice candy and crushed ice was less than 21% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (5 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1). However, the maximum intake of saccharin, especially in the 6-10-year age group, contributed 57 and 68% of the ADI through ice candy and crushed ice, respectively. Maximum consumption of saccharin in all the age groups, if consuming both ice candy and crushed ice, results in exceeding the ADI by 54% for subjects in the 6-10-year age group. Hence, the 6-10-year age group population may be at risk of exceeding the ADI for saccharin. The average and maximum theoretical daily intake of saccharin through pan masala alone was 1.84 and 13.33 mg kg-1 bw day-1, contributing 37 and 267% of the ADI, whereas the estimated (maximum) daily intake was 810% of the ADI. The estimated maximum daily intake (EDI) of saccharin through pan was 6.87 mg kg-1 bw day-1, which was 137% of the ADI. Thus, individuals in the maximum consumption group for pan masala or pan may be susceptible to toxic effects of saccharin, including bladder distention, elevated urine osmolality and bladder cancer.

Mass loading and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including psychoactive and illicit drugs and artificial sweeteners, in five sewage treatment plants in India

“…One study reported that tadpoles and 55 zebrafish exposed to 0.2% effluents from STPs showed a 40% 56 reduction in growth [9]. Another study showed that egg 57 production was decreased in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) 58 following exposure to 0.5 mg/L of propranolol [24]. 59 This is a pilot study to elucidate the occurrence and removal of 60 43 widely used PPCPs (two antimicrobials, four antibiotics, an 61 antimycotic, four analgesics, an antihistamine, an antiplatelet, a 62 UV-filter, a stimulant, two antischizophrenics, six sedative- 63 hypnotics-anxiolytics, four antidepressants, four antihyperten- 64 sives, eight illicit drugs, and four artificial sweeteners) and 13 New York, and stored in a freezer at À20 C until extraction.…”

Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology

“…This is because certain food additives have often limited usage in food products and an accountability of this provides with information regarding extreme intake by high consumers. (57) So in studies on intake of artificial sweeteners, it makes sense to focus on population groups who are likely to consume more of artificial sweeteners, such as diabetics or those trying to lose/maintain weight. (55) …”

“…All the studies showed that the intake was found to be below the ADI, except a study that showed that intake of saccharin exceeded the ADI when sweetened crushed ice and ice candy was consumed by children and when sweetened betel leaf was consumed by adults. (57) In assessing exposure to food additives, a distinction needs to be drawn between average consumers and consumers who have above-average intake of individual foods. This is because certain food additives have often limited usage in food products and an accountability of this provides with information regarding extreme intake by high consumers.…”

Sodium Saccharin as an Effective Catalyst for Rapid One-pot Pseudo-five Component Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[ 2,3-g]chromenes under Microwave Irradiation

“…It is also used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and nutritive and non neutritive sweeteners. [17][18][19][20] Recently, sodium saccharin as a basic green and easy available compound was used as catalyst in some organic syntheses. 21,22 We now report a new efficient and simple synthetic method, taking place via addition and subsequently cyclization of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, arylaldehydes and malononitrile in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium saccharine under microwave irradiation.…”