Urine composition and kidney function in the pulmonate freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae inLymnaea peregra

“…Studies on cercarial chemotaxis in other species indicate that a range of chemicals may attract cercariae, including CO 2 (Haas, 1994). It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E. recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961;De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

“…It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E . recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961; De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae inLymnaea peregra

“…Studies on cercarial chemotaxis in other species indicate that a range of chemicals may attract cercariae, including CO 2 (Haas, 1994). It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E. recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961;De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

“…It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E . recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961; De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

Condition‐dependent immune function in a freshwater snail revealed by stable isotopes

“…The analyses did not aim to link the isotope composition of individual snails to specific food sources in the field. Because 15 N is enriched from one trophic level to the next (DeNiro & Epstein, 1981; Post, 2002), we used δ 15 N values to estimate variation in the effective trophic level among the snails (tissue samples; based on the isotopic turnover rates in L. stagnalis this measure reflects the average food consumption over several weeks; Li et al., 2018) and the food they had consumed recently before being collected (faeces samples; the snails emptied their guts after 1–2 days of fasting; note that metabolic wastes cannot bias the measurements from faeces because snails excrete urine through the pneumostome [see de With & van der Schors, 1984]). Variation in δ 15 N values could arise from differences in the proportional resource use of snails from different trophic levels, with high values potentially indicating increased animal protein consumption.…”

Excitatory actions of GABA mediate severe-hypoxia-induced depression of neuronal activity in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)

“…The extracellular chloride concentration in this saline solution was based on previous measurements of Lymnaea haemolymph (de With and van der Schors, 1984). Normoxic Lymnaea saline solution was prepared by bubbling air directly into the solution for a minimum of 30·min.…”

The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae inLymnaea peregra

“…Studies on cercarial chemotaxis in other species indicate that a range of chemicals may attract cercariae, including CO 2 (Haas, 1994). It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E. recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961;De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

“…It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E . recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961; De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

Condition‐dependent immune function in a freshwater snail revealed by stable isotopes

“…The analyses did not aim to link the isotope composition of individual snails to specific food sources in the field. Because 15 N is enriched from one trophic level to the next (DeNiro & Epstein, 1981; Post, 2002), we used δ 15 N values to estimate variation in the effective trophic level among the snails (tissue samples; based on the isotopic turnover rates in L. stagnalis this measure reflects the average food consumption over several weeks; Li et al., 2018) and the food they had consumed recently before being collected (faeces samples; the snails emptied their guts after 1–2 days of fasting; note that metabolic wastes cannot bias the measurements from faeces because snails excrete urine through the pneumostome [see de With & van der Schors, 1984]). Variation in δ 15 N values could arise from differences in the proportional resource use of snails from different trophic levels, with high values potentially indicating increased animal protein consumption.…”

Excitatory actions of GABA mediate severe-hypoxia-induced depression of neuronal activity in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)

“…The extracellular chloride concentration in this saline solution was based on previous measurements of Lymnaea haemolymph (de With and van der Schors, 1984). Normoxic Lymnaea saline solution was prepared by bubbling air directly into the solution for a minimum of 30·min.…”

The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae inLymnaea peregra

“…Studies on cercarial chemotaxis in other species indicate that a range of chemicals may attract cercariae, including CO 2 (Haas, 1994). It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E. recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961;De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

“…It is possible that one of the chemical cues in attracting E . recurvatum cercariae to the snail may be CO 2 , as it is produced through both respiration and urine excretion (Jones, 1961; De With & van der Schors, 1984). In Lymnaea spp.…”

Condition‐dependent immune function in a freshwater snail revealed by stable isotopes

“…The analyses did not aim to link the isotope composition of individual snails to specific food sources in the field. Because 15 N is enriched from one trophic level to the next (DeNiro & Epstein, 1981; Post, 2002), we used δ 15 N values to estimate variation in the effective trophic level among the snails (tissue samples; based on the isotopic turnover rates in L. stagnalis this measure reflects the average food consumption over several weeks; Li et al., 2018) and the food they had consumed recently before being collected (faeces samples; the snails emptied their guts after 1–2 days of fasting; note that metabolic wastes cannot bias the measurements from faeces because snails excrete urine through the pneumostome [see de With & van der Schors, 1984]). Variation in δ 15 N values could arise from differences in the proportional resource use of snails from different trophic levels, with high values potentially indicating increased animal protein consumption.…”

Excitatory actions of GABA mediate severe-hypoxia-induced depression of neuronal activity in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)

“…The extracellular chloride concentration in this saline solution was based on previous measurements of Lymnaea haemolymph (de With and van der Schors, 1984). Normoxic Lymnaea saline solution was prepared by bubbling air directly into the solution for a minimum of 30·min.…”