Urinary tract pathogens and resistance pattern

Chakupurakal, R; Ahmed, Mohamed Issa; Sobithadevi, D N; Chinnappan, Sasikala; Reynolds, Tim

doi:10.1136/jcp.2009.074617

Cited by 82 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An increase in the number of Proteus species ranging from 5.8% to 12.4% have been demonstrated by several researchers. 34,35 In addition to factors like shorter urethra which enhances the scope of pathogenic invasion of the urinary tract, sexual activity also facilitates the entry of pathogens which as a consequence results in UTI. 36 The prevalence of asymptomatic UTI among women varies from 2% to 15% compared symptomatic UTI during pregnancy.…”

Section: Uti During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview of the Infection and the Associated Risk Factors

Ramachandran¹

2014

JMEN

134

132

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IntroductionUrinary tract infection is a common contagion among men and women but the incidence is quite high among women due to their physiology. In simple terms, it can be referred as a condition which women will certainly encounter during the span of their life time and the prevalence is higher among women during pregnancy. As the name indicates, the infected parts involve the urinary tract comprising of the upper and lower urinary tract. The infection is named after the part that gets infected and is referred to as cystitis (bladder infection) and phylonephritis (kidney infection). The symptoms associated with the bladder and kidney infections are contrasting which includes painful and frequent urination in case of cystitis as a result of bladder infection whereas conditions like high fever and flank pain are commonly experienced in case of kidney contagion which is referred to as phylonephritis. This prevalence of the infection among children and elderly people is not clearly understood and is currently under study. Bacteria are the prime perpetrator responsible for conferring the infection among humans but the role of certain fungi and viruses cannot be over looked. However, the incidence of UTI as a result of viral or fungal infection is considered to be rare phenomena. Though the infection seems to be harmless in the initial stages, the patient shows a variety of symptoms as the stage progresses and can lead to death in severe circumstances. Research studies have defined urinary tract infection as the most common form of bacterial infection.1,2 Urinary tract infection can be a consequence of poor diagnosis and is regarded as the common hospital acquired infection. 3,4 The infection encompasses a diverse group of clinical syndromes and diseases that differ in epidemiology, etiology, location severity of the condition. 5 In addition to the above factors, it also vary in expressed local symptoms, frequency of recurrence, extent of damage caused, presence of complicating factors and the risk from their reiterate incidence. 6 The occurrence of bladder infection is usually followed by kidney infection and results in blood borne infection and in severe circumstances can lead to dire consequences including death. Therefore, UTI is capable of claiming lives under severe circumstances and proper treatment results in quick recovery from the contagion. The onset of the infection is in the 6 th week of pregnancy through 24 th week. 7 Although the prevalence of bacteriuria during pregnancy is similar to that in non pregnant women, pregnancy enhances the possibility of infection among women. 8,9 The occurrence of the infection is at its peak during pregnancy which in turn relies on several other factors. Though the higher incidence of UTI during pregnancy cannot be accepted as a universal fact as the concept is under the verge of research and several researchers are attempting to figure out the significance of pregnancy in relation to urinary tract infection. The concept of the predominance of UTI among women during pr...

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Section: Uti During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview of the Infection and the Associated Risk Factors

Ramachandran¹

2014

JMEN

134

132

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“…An equally large burden is placed on our health care system, with estimates of direct and indirect costs of $1.6 billion per year in the United States alone (15). While antibiotics have proven to be an effective treatment in the past, a worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates (1,6,8,14) has created an urgent need for alternative treatment and prevention strategies to combat this important and widespread human pathogen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of In Vivo -Induced Antigens Including an RTX Family Exoprotein Required for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence

2011

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Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused most commonly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Whole-genome screening approaches, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and signature-tagged mutagenesis, have shown that UPEC highly expresses or requires genes for translational machinery, capsule, lipopolysaccharide, type 1 fimbriae, and iron acquisition systems during UTI. To identify additional genes expressed by UPEC during UTI, an immunoscreening approach termed in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) was employed to identify antigens produced during experimental infection that are not produced during in vitro culture. An inducible protein expression library, constructed from genomic DNA isolated from UPEC strain CFT073, was screened using exhaustively adsorbed pooled sera from 20 chronically infected female CBA/J mice. Using this approach, we identified 93 antigens induced by UPEC in vivo. A representative subset of these genes was tested by quantitative PCR for expression by CFT073 in vivo and during growth in human urine or LB medium in vitro; proWX, narJI, lolA, lolD, tosA (upxA), c2432, katG, ydhX, kpsS, and yddQ were poorly expressed in vitro but highly expressed in vivo. Of these, tosA, a gene encoding a predicted repeat-in-toxin family member, was expressed exclusively during UTI. Deletion of tosA in UPEC strain CFT073 resulted in significant attenuation in bladder and kidney infections during ascending UTI. By screening for in vivo-induced antigens, we identified a novel UPEC virulence factor and additional proteins that could be useful as potential vaccine targets.

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“…Although antibiotics are quite effective at providing clinical cure for UTIs in most of the cases, antibiotic resistance is globally increasing (8). There is a growing concern regarding antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria, particularly of E. coli with repeated antibiotic usage (9,10). Although the resistance was initially described for agents limited to ampicillin, trimethoprim, sulphur-based antimicrobials or tetracyclines, it is now relevant to large families of agents including most ß-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones (10,11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of an herbal agent in treatment for Escherichia coli induced bacterial cyctitis in rats

Tüken

Temiz

Yürük

et al. 2017

Arch Ital Urol Androl

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Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the herbal agent in the prevention and treatment of bacterial cystitis in a rat model. Material and Methods: A total of twenty-eight male SpragueDawley rats were divided into four groups. Group-1 constituted the control group (operated and normal saline injected into the bladder, received only drinking water for 7 days); Group-2 constituted the no-treatment group (operated, E.coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received only drinking water for 7 days); Group-3 constituted the short-term treatment (operated, E.coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received the herbal agent added into drinking water for 7 days) and Group-4 constituted the long-term treatment (operated, E. coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received herbal agent added into drinking water for 14 days). At the end of the pre-defined treatment periods of duration, the rats were sacrificed, urine samples collected from the bladder for culture and bladders were harvested for histopathological evaluation. Urine culture results and histopathological findings were comparatively evaluated between the groups. Results: Urine cultures were positive for implanted E. coli strains in 0%, 85.7%, 42.8% and 0% of rats in Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4, respectively (p = 0.001). Although histopathological evaluation revealed increased vascular dilation in the bladder specimens obtained from Group 2 and Group 3 (p = 0.028) no significant difference was noticed in level of inflammation (p = 0.610), edema (p = 0.754) and thickness of uroepithelium (p = 0.138). Conclusion: While long term (14 days) treatment with an herbal agent added into the drinking water resulted in complete clearance of urine from E. coli; shorter application of the agent revealed partial clearance. Further clinical studies are needed to support our results.KEY WORDS: Antibiotics; Bacterial cystitis; Herbal agent. use, related antimicrobial resistance and the spread of bacterial resistant strains make the problem more serious than ever. Like other infectious diseases, the early and proper treatment of cystitis decreases the incidence of disease related morbidity and this situation necessitates the initiation of an empirical antimicrobial treatment in the majority of cases (2). On the other hand, with this approach, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the hospital and the country are generally ignored by the responsible physicians. Administration of an inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy may eventually result in the accelerated rates of antimicrobial resistance (3). Moreover, these agents are also being used for the antimicrobial prophylaxis in the prevention of urinary tract infections particularly in patients with anatomical abnormalities or increased tendency for serious urinary tract infections. However, the long term prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents has the potential risk of not only the drug resistance but also the development of drug related adverse events. Taking all these facts a...

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Urinary tract pathogens and resistance pattern

Cited by 82 publications

References 18 publications

Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview of the Infection and the Associated Risk Factors

Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview of the Infection and the Associated Risk Factors

Identification of In Vivo -Induced Antigens Including an RTX Family Exoprotein Required for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence

The role of an herbal agent in treatment for Escherichia coli induced bacterial cyctitis in rats

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