Urinary paraben concentrations and their implications for human exposure in Iranian pregnant women

Determination of prenatal exposure to parabens and triclosan and estimation of maternal and fetal burden

“…Jamal and co-authors reported median concentration 14.08 ng/mL (1.64–65.78 ng/ml) for TCS, 242.51 ng/mL (9.67–744.56 ng/ml) for MePB, 2.0 ng/mL (<0.25–101.19 ng/mL) for EtPB and 1.42 ng/mL (<0.25–7.43 ng/mL) in urine samples from 189 Iranian pregnant women [ 29 ]. Similar values were published by Hajizadeh and co-authors who studied the PBs burden in urine samples from 95 Iranian pregnant women [ 30 ]. In particular, the median concentration was 87.0 ng/mL (1.01–955 ng/ml) for MePB, 9.64 ng/mL (<0.015–175 ng/mL) for EtPB and 8.57 ng/mL (<0.016–97.9 ng/mL) for BuPB ( Table 5 ).…”

Dietary Habits and Personal Care Product Use as Predictors of Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in Iranian Adolescents

“…In this regard, a previous study conducted in the United States (Calafat et al 2010) has shown that methylparaben and propylparaben are the main parabens that are widely used in cosmetics, foodstuffs, and medicine (Soni et al 2005). Therefore, the strong correlation between methylparaben and propylparaben in the present study and previous studies could be attributed to the mixed use of these compounds as antibacterial preservatives in a wide range of products (Calafat et al 2010; Hajizadeh et al 2020).…”

“…Furthermore, the urinary concentrations of all parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) detected in the present study were higher than values reported in China, the United States, and Denmark (Calafat et al 2010; Ma et al 2013; Frederiksen et al 2014). It is more likely that different socioeconomic properties and lifestyle variables in different geographic regions might result in different degrees of exposure to parabens and therefore the different urinary concentrations of these substances (Hajizadeh et al 2020). In addition, the differences in the design and the methodologies used in the cited studies compared to the present study may affect the results.…”

“…Dispersion liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was applied to extract the methylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben from urine samples; and then the urinary concentrations of these compounds were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS; Han et al 2010; Vela‐Soria et al 2014; Ebrahim et al 2017; Hajizadeh et al 2020), as described elsewhere with minor modifications. Briefly, 50 µL of β‐glucuronidase solution was added to 1 mL of the urine samples and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h to determine the total concentration of parabens.…”

“…To assess the extent of exposure and potential risks associated with exposure to parabens, in many studies the concentrations of these substances in urine have been examined (Ye et al 2006; Janjua et al 2008; Calafat et al 2010; Wang et al 2013). Exposure time, sociodemographic characteristics, and lifestyle factors have been associated with the rate of exposure (Kang et al 2016b; Hajizadeh et al 2020). Previous research has shown increased chemical exposure in humans associated with specific foods (Mervish et al 2014; Yu et al 2019).…”