Urinary markers of estrogen metabolism 2- and 16α-hydroxylation in premenopausal women

Pasagian-Macaulay, Araxi; Meilahn, Elaine N.; Bradlow, H. Leon; Sepkovic, Daniel W.; Buhari, Alhaji M.; Simkin‐Silverman, Laurey R.; Wing, Rena R.; Kuller, Lewis H.

doi:10.1016/0039-128x(96)00089-x

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with two previous studies that examined the effects of a physical activity intervention on levels of 2-OHE1, 16a-OHE1, or their ratio, 2-OHE1 to 16a-OHE1 (26,34), but differs from several observational studies that suggest that physical activity is associated with estrogen metabolite levels (21-24). Atkinson et al (26) found no difference in estrogen metabolite levels following a randomized controlled trial of a 12-month moderate intensity (60-70% of maximal heart rate for 45 min) aerobic intervention in 170 postmenopausal women, in which the exercise group had a 12% improvement in VO 2max (35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Campbell

Westerlind

Harber

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Regular physical activity may alter estrogen metabolism, a proposed biomarker of breast cancer risk, by shifting metabolism to favor production of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1). Few studies, however, have examined this question using a randomized controlled trial. Purpose: To examine the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training on 2-OHE1 and 16A-hydroxyestrone (16A-OHE1) in premenopausal women. Methods: Participants were healthy, regularly menstruating, Caucasian women, 20 to 35 years, body mass index of 18 to 29.9, not using pharmacologic contraceptives, with average or below average fitness [maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), <40 mL/kg/min]. Following a baseline menstrual cycle, participants (N = 32) were randomly assigned to a 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention (n = 17) or usual lifestyle (n = 15). Height, body mass, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and VO 2max were measured at baseline and following the intervention. Urine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The majority of participants (i.e., 27 of 32) maintained consistent menstrual cycle length within the reference range (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) …”

Section: Associations Between Changes In Estrogen Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Campbell

Westerlind

Harber

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…However, it has been hypothesized that exercise may alter estrogen metabolism in a manner that could alter cancer etiology (17). We are aware of several prior studies that have examined the effects of exercise training on estrogen metabolism among premenopausal women (18)(19)(20)(21) and one in postmenopausal women (17). Of these, only one (22) has observed an intervention effect on the 2:16 ratio in a subset of participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Effect on Oxidative Stress Is Independent of Change in Estrogen Metabolism

Schmitz

Warren

Rundle

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Purpose: The effect of exercise training on lipid peroxidation and endogenous estrogens is not well understood in premenopausal women. Exercise effects on these variables could mediate observed associations of exercise with hormonally related cancers, including breast cancer. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of 15 weeks of aerobic exercise on lipid peroxidation, endogenous estrogens, and body composition in young, healthy eumenorrheic women. Methods: Fifteen sedentary premenopausal women (18-25 years) participated. Pre-and post-exercise training urine collection (three 24-h samples) started 48 h after most recent exercise session for analysis of a marker of lipid peroxidation (F 2 -isoprostane) and endogenous estrogens, including 2-hydroxyestrogens, 4-hydroxyestrogens, 16-A-hydroxyestrone, and ratios of these metabolites (2:16, 2:4). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and F 2 -isoprostanes and estrogens were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Aerobic exercise resulted in a 34% decrease in F 2 -isoprostane (P = 0.02), a 10% increase in fitness (P = 0.004), a 1.2 kg decrease in body mass (P = 0.007), and a 1.8 kg decrease in fat mass (P = 0.04). No significant changes were noted in estrogens.

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“…In contrast, the production of 16α-OHE 1 can stimulate cell proliferation (36)(37). Some observational studies have demonstrated a correlation between a low urinary 2-OHE 1 /16α-OHE 1 ratio and breast cancer risk, whereas others have not shown the same correlation (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43). This is the first randomized controlled study examining the use of oral DIM supplementation in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, this is the first study to measure urinary excretion levels of E 1 , E 2 , E 3, 2-OHE 1 , 6β-OHC, cortisol, and DIM after supplementation with DIM. Changes in E 1 , E 2 , and E 3 are thought to influence breast cancer risk (40)(41)(42)(43)(44). Levels of 6β-OHC and cortisol were tested because the 6β-OHC/cortisol ratio is an indication of the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme, which is important in many metabolic processes, including steroid and drug hydroxylations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot Study: Effect of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane Supplements on Urinary Hormone Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women With a History of Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Dalessandri¹,

Firestone²,

Fitch³

et al. 2004

Nutrition and Cancer

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Dietary indoles, present in , and cortisol in the first morning urine sample before intervention and 31 days after intervention. Nineteen women completed the study, for a total of 10 in the treatment group and 9 in the placebo group. DIM-treated subjects, relative to placebo, showed a significant increase in levels of 2-OHE 1 (P = 0.020), DIM (P = 0.045), and cortisol (P = 0.039), and a nonsignificant increase of 47% in the 2-OHE 1 /16 α-OHE 1 ratio from 1.46 to 2.14 (P = 0.059). In this pilot study, DIM increased the 2-hydroxylation of estrogen urinary metabolites.

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Urinary markers of estrogen metabolism 2- and 16α-hydroxylation in premenopausal women

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Exercise Effect on Oxidative Stress Is Independent of Change in Estrogen Metabolism

Pilot Study: Effect of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane Supplements on Urinary Hormone Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women With a History of Early-Stage Breast Cancer

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