Urinary Bladder Cancer in Egypt: Are There Gender Differences in Its Histopathological Presentation?

Abstract

We investigated gender differences in the histopathologic presentation of bladder cancer cases in Egypt, where both urothelial cell carcinoma (UC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) types are highly prevalent. We used logistic regression to estimate the unadjusted (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations between gender and different histopathologic and sociodemographic parameters of 2,186 confirmed cases of primary bladder cancer (1,775 males and 411 females; 784 SCC and 1,402 UC). There were no statistically significant gender differences in tumor grade, stage, mucosal ulcer, or inflammatory cystitis, regardless of the cancer type, but men were less likely than women to have undergone cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Having Schistosoma haematobium (SH) ova in the bladder tissue was significantly associated with male gender in the fully adjusted model of either SCC (AOR (95% CI) = 2.12 (1.15–3.89)) or UC cases (3.78 (1.89–7.55)). Compared to females, male cases were significantly older at time of diagnosis and smokers. In Egypt, regardless of the type of bladder cancer (SCC or UC), male more than female cases had evidence of SH infection, but not other histopathologic differences, in bladder tissue specimens.

The Diagnostic Role of p53 and Ki 67 Immunohistochemistry in Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Carcinomas in Egyptian Patients

“…As well as, the predominant histological variant in the present study was urothelial carcinoma. Several authors have also jointly printed similar data [5,10,13,[16][17]20]. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are rare tumors of the bladder representing approximately 1.6% of all carcinomas of the bladder that almost match our study.…”

“…However, BC occurs mostly in men, affecting three times the number of men as women, as reported by many authors and guidelines [1,3,10]. Our study had a ratio of 3.7 men for each woman belonging to the middle to older age groups.…”

“…In Egypt, bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy and constitute a costly problem for the Egyptian patients [10]. Indeed, this study updated the clinicopathological characteristics of bladder carcinomas and showed the correlation of p53 and Ki 67 with grade and stage of bladder carcinomas at the initial presentation in Egyptian population.…”

“…BC is a heterogeneous neoplasm that ranks ninth in the worldwide incidence of cancer with a high probability of recurrence and progression, showing completely different rates of metastasis and mortality, betting on tumor grade and staging. Although the incidence of urothelial carcinomas increases with age, smoking, exposure to petrochemicals, and arylamines, its burden also increases in recent decades due to the shift in smoking habits, tobacco use, industrialization, and urbanization from developed countries to developing countries [1,10,13].…”

MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 as prognostic markers for the early detection of urinary bladder cancer

“…[2] To date, cystoscopy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis and follow up of urinary bladder malignancies. [2] To date, cystoscopy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis and follow up of urinary bladder malignancies.…”