Urinary atrazine metabolites as indicators for rat and human exposure to atrazine

Ikonen, Riitta; Kangas, Juhani; Savolainen, H.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(88)90136-1

Cited by 47 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The metabolism of ATR has been studied in different species (Bakke et al, 1972;Ikonen et al, 1988;Catenacci et al, 1990;McMullin et al, 2003;Ross and Filipov, 2006). Major ATR metabolites reported in mammals and humans are desethyl atrazine (DE), desiopropyl atrazine (DIP), and didealkyl atrazine (DACT; Bakke et al, 1972;Erickson et al, 1979;Catenacci et al, 1993;McMullin et al, 2003;Ross and Filipov, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of dopamine uptake into rat striatal vesicles and synaptosomes caused by an in vitro exposure to atrazine and some of its metabolites

Hossain

Filipov

2008

Toxicology

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Studies have shown that both in vivo and in vitro exposure to the herbicide atrazine (ATR) results in dopaminergic neurotoxicity manifested by decreased striatal dopamine (DA) levels. However, the mechanism behind this reduction is largely unknown. A decrease in striatal DA could be due to ATR exposure affecting vesicular and/or synaptosomal uptake resulting in disrupted vesicular storage and/ or cellular uptake of DA. Hence, we investigated the effects of in vitro ATR exposure on DA uptake into isolated rat striatal synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles. In addition to ATR, effects of its major mammalian metabolites, didealkyl atrazine (DACT), desethyl atrazine (DE) and desiopropyl atrazine (DIP) were investigated. ATR (1-250 μM) inhibited DA uptake into synaptic vesicles in a dose dependent manner. Of the three ATR metabolites tested, DACT did not affect vesicular DA uptake. DE and DIP, on the other hand, significantly decreased vesicular DA uptake with the effect of 100 μM DE/DIP being similar to the effect of the same concentration of ATR. Kinetic analysis of vesicular DA uptake indicated that ATR significantly decreased the V max while the K m value was not affected. Contrary to the inhibitory effects on vesicular DA uptake, synaptosomal DA uptake was marginally (6-13%) increased by ATR and DE, but not by DACT and DIP, at concentrations of ≤100 μM. As a result, ATR, DIP and DE increased the synaptosomal/vesicular (DAT/VMAT-2) uptake ratio. Collectively, results from this study suggest that ATR and two of its metabolites, DIP and DE, but not its major mammalian metabolite, DACT, decrease striatal DA levels, at least in part, by increasing cytosolic DA, which is prone to oxidative breakdown.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of dopamine uptake into rat striatal vesicles and synaptosomes caused by an in vitro exposure to atrazine and some of its metabolites

Hossain

Filipov

2008

Toxicology

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“…Studije koje se bave proučavanjem metabolizma atrazina malobrojne su, a rezultati su često kontradiktorni. Na temelju istraživanja provedenih u uvjetima in vivo (33,34) i in vitro (16,(34)(35)(36) može se zaključiti da se kod sisavaca metabolička razgradnja atrazina odvija uglavnom N-dealkiliranjem za koje je odgovoran citokrom P450, nakon kojeg slijedi hidroksiliranje triazinskog prstena na položaju 6. Neka su istraživanja pokazala da nastaje konjugat izvornog spoja s glutationom (GSH) reakcijom koju metabolizira glutation transferaza (GST) (34,37).…”

Section: Toksičnost I Metabolizam Triazinskih Herbicidaunclassified

“…Kao metabolički produkti atrazina određeni su deizopropilatrazin, deetilatrazin i hidroksiizopropilatrazin, a omjer njihovih udjela bio je 53:39:8 kod štakora i 69:28:3 kod svinja pri koncentraciji atrazina u supstratu od 200 μmol L -1 . Rezultati tih istraživanja (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) upućuju na Nmonodealkiliranje, hidroksiliranje izopropilne ili terbutilne skupine i sulfoksidaciju 6-metiltiotriazina kao metabolički put razgradnje, dok didealkilirani atrazin ili 6-hidroksiatrazin nisu detektirani.…”

Section: Toksičnost I Metabolizam Triazinskih Herbicidaunclassified

“…U urinu štakora izloženih atrazinu putem kontaminirane vode nađen je jedino deizopropilatrazin (35). Nasuprot tim rezultatima, Bradway i sur.…”

Section: Toksičnost I Metabolizam Triazinskih Herbicidaunclassified

“…Ikonen i sur. (35) pratili su izloženost atrazinu kod radnika koji su mu bili izloženi tijekom rada na uništavanju korova uz željezničku prugu. Jedini dealkilirani metaboliti atrazina detektirani u 24-satnim uzorcima urina tih radnika bili su deetildeizopropilatrazin i deizopropilatrazin, prisutni u podjednakim koncentracijama (30 μmol L -1 do 110 μmol L -1 ).…”

Section: Slika 1 Prikaz Metaboličke Razgradnje Atrazina Kod Glodavacaunclassified

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Biomonitoring of Human Exposure to Triazine Herbicides

Mendaš

2011

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Triazinski herbicidi jedni su od najčešće rabljenih herbicida. Sudbina triazinskih herbicida nakon dospijevanja u okoliš ovisi o njihovu kretanju u zraku, vodi i tlu, kao i o brzini kojom se razgrađuju ili transformiraju. Triazinski spojevi mogu se transformirati reakcijom s vodom, djelovanjem mikroorganizama i utjecajem Sunčeva svjetla. Široka i često nekontrolirana primjena triazinskih herbicida tijekom nekoliko proteklih desetljeća rezultirala je kontaminacijom pitke vode i hrane postajući rizik za opću populaciju. Metabolizam i djelovanje triazinskih herbicida proučavani su na pokusnim životinjama i u uvjetima in vitro, dok je o njihovu metabolizmu i izlučivanju kod ljudi malo objavljenih radova. Djelovanju triazinskih herbicida osobito su izloženi radnici zaposleni u njihovoj proizvodnji i primjeni. Izloženost ljudi prati se i dokazuje određivanjem izvornih spojeva i njihovih metabolita u urinu. Kako se triazinski spojevi u urinu profesionalno izloženih ljudi pojavljuju u niskim koncentracijama, za njihovo dokazivanje i praćenje profesionalne izloženosti potrebno je primijeniti analitičke metode visoke djelotvornosti, osjetljivosti i selektivnosti. U ovom radu opisani su struktura i svojstva simetričnih triazinskih herbicida, njihov metabolizam i djelovanje u organizmu čovjeka i životinja te razine metabolita tih spojeva određene u urinu ispitanika iz profesionalno izložene populacije. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2011;62:191-203 Triazinski herbicidi velika su skupina pesticida i počeli su se intenzivno primjenjivati prije više od 50 godina za uništavanje korova kod različitih usjeva i za kontrolu rasta korova na nepoljoprivrednom zemljištu (1). S obzirom na kemijsku strukturu, dijele se na simetrične (1,3,5-triazini ili s-triazini) i nesimetrične (triazinoni poput metribuzina i triazidinoni poput heksazinona). Simetrični triazini mogu se podijeliti u tri skupine: klortriazine poput atrazina i simazina, metoksitriazine poput atratona i prometona i metiltiotriazine poput ametrina i prometrina. Primjenjuju se na lišće ili direktno na tlo s kojeg se mogu isprati u površinske i podzemne vode i hlapjeti u zrak. Lako se prenose u okolišu pa su tako atrazin, jedan od diljem svijeta najčešće upotrebljavanih triazinskih herbicida, i njegovi razgradni produkti detektirani u površinskim i podzemnim vodama, pitkoj vodi, kišnici, tlu i sedimentu (2-6). KLJUČNE RIJEČI: atrazin, metabolizam, pesticidi, profesionalna izloženost, triazinski spojevi Mendaš G. BIOMONITORING OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TRIAZINE HERBICIDESSTRUKTURA I SVOJSTVA 1,3,5-TRIAZINSKIH HERBICIDA U tablici 1 prikazane su strukture s-triazinskih herbicida atrazina, simazina, prometrina, ametrina i atratona i razgradnih produkata atrazina deetilatrazina, deizopropilatrazina, deetildeizopropilatrazina te hidroksiatrazina, a u tablici 2 njihova fi zička i kemijska svojstva.

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A flow immunoassay for studies of human exposure and toxicity in biological samples

et al. 1998

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This paper describes a heterogeneous competitive flow immunoassay with a high sample throughput which can be used for the screening of smaller analytes in various samples. The method is based on off-line incubation of the analyte (Ag), a fluorescent labelled tracer (Ag*) and the corresponding antibody (Ab). The separation of bound (Ab-Ag*) and free tracer (Ag*) is based on a size exclusion and reversed phase mechanism utilizing a restricted access (RA) column. The column traps the free unbound tracer (Ag*) in its hydrophobic (C18) inner cavity but excludes the large Ab-Ag* complex, which is passed on and measured by the fluorescence detector. The flow immunoassay was developed using the triazine herbicide atrazine as a model compound owing to its human toxicity and widespread use. A sample throughput of 80 samples per hour and a detection limit of 300 pg ml-1 in water were obtained. Urine samples were successfully applied for direct injections into the flow system, while for human plasma samples an additional clean-up step using solid phase extraction was efficiently included where pure extract is obtained with the highly stable and biocompatible extracting column material. The resulting detection limits for atrazine in plasma and water samples using this clean-up and trace enrichment procedure were found to be 2 ng ml-1 and 20 pg ml-1 respectively.

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Urinary atrazine metabolites as indicators for rat and human exposure to atrazine

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

Alteration of dopamine uptake into rat striatal vesicles and synaptosomes caused by an in vitro exposure to atrazine and some of its metabolites

Alteration of dopamine uptake into rat striatal vesicles and synaptosomes caused by an in vitro exposure to atrazine and some of its metabolites

Biomonitoring of Human Exposure to Triazine Herbicides

A flow immunoassay for studies of human exposure and toxicity in biological samples

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