Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety

Water reuse in industries: analysis of opportunities in the Paraíba do Sul river basin, a case study in Presidente Vargas Plant, Brazil

“…Research has already shown that for a production of 1 ton of steel in India, there is a need for 60 m 3 of water, in addition to being associated with high water contamination, in steps such as cooling, descaling and dust cleaning (Fan et al 2023 ). A study has already shown that water consumption is not really significant in the steel industry, and its big problem is the disposal of polluted water, so reuse systems have been developed in several parts of the world, aiming at minimizing water resources (Bonetta et al 2022 ).…”

“…Faced with this scenario, the commitment and participation of governments, civil society, and the private sector in defining responsibilities and taking actions for the proper management of water resources are increasingly necessary (Zhang et al 2021 ). Environmental issues related to water resources range from preservation and management, even their excessive consumption linked to civil construction activities, such as water consumption in the production of concrete and masonry, which generate enormous environmental damage (Fan et al 2023 ; Nunes et al 2024 ).…”

“…In the laboratory, one of the most common methods is the determination of the contents of constituents in the collected sample and their comparison with normative standards, which serve as a diagnostic method for the report (Bonetta et al 2022 ). There are different methods of analysis described in the literature, such as physical processes linked to the separation and quantification of constituents, such as spectrometry, spectroscopy, turbidimetry and others, chemical processes that use chemical transformations as the primary basis for separation and quantification, highlighting volumetry, titration, combustion , gravimetry, and others, and also processes through gas and liquid chromatography, which are separation techniques that make use of physical and chemical methods for quantification and detection (Fan et al 2023 ). There are also electrochemical methods that are based on measurements of voltage or current flows associated with chemical transformations, such as conductometry and potentiometry (Batista et al 2020 ).…”