Uptake of palytoxin‐like compounds by shellfish fed<i>Ostreopsis siamensis</i>(Dinophyceae)

Rhodes, Lesley; Towers, N. R.; Briggs, Lyn; Munday, Rex; Adamson, Janet

doi:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517118

Cited by 78 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…When employing the reported mouse lD50 values ranging between 0.15 -0.72 μg/kg b.w. (Munday, 2006;Rhodes et al, 2002;Riobo et al, 2008), the MU as observed with the 17 g mice employed by (Alcala et al, 1988) would be equal to 2,55 -12,24 ng PlTX/mouse. Using this range and the approximate 77 MU/g crab tissue, the Pltx concentration in the crab would have been approximately 196-942 ng/kg crab tissue.…”

Section: Pectenotoxin Poisoning (Pep)mentioning

confidence: 79%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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Summary Aquatic food accounts for over 40% of global animal food products, and the potential contamination with toxins of algal origin -marine biotoxins -poses a health threat for consumers. The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methodssingle marine biotoxins or combinations of marine biotoxins and intoxication symptomatology as well as monitoring the "success" of controls implemented during fishery and aquaculture production, processing, and retailing. For this reason, a workshop was organized in ermatingen, Switzerland by the Center for Alternatives to Animal testing -europe (CAAteurope) within the framework of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t 4 ).In contrast to other food products where hygiene and potential contamination with microbes or mold toxins is the prime issue, the emphasis in aquatic products (shellfish and finfish) is, beyond viral and bacterial contaminations, primarily placed on potential contamination with marine biotoxins owing to the numerous and recurring human intoxications.The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methods, i.e., the mouse and the rat bioassays. Besides the ethical issues of in vivo bioassays there are specific difficulties, e.g., different exposure route (i.p. versus oral), low inter-species comparability, high intra-species variability, and questionable extrapolation of quantitative risk to humans, thus highlighting the need for the development of more reliable detection and quantification methods. Based on this reasoning, the european Food Safety Authority (eFSA) advocates the use of an analytical method, i.e., LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry), as a substitute for in vivo bioassays for almost all classes of marine toxins. However, although lC-MS is a very sensitive method that has the advantages of being able to detect multiple toxins in a single analysis and being good for confirming the identity of toxins, the quality of quantitative analysis is dependent on the availability of calibration standards. While many new toxin structural analogues have been detected and identified using LC-MS, this technique -as with most other methods -is not good at detecting new toxin types. When new toxin analogues are detected but accurate standards are not yet available, only an approximate quantitation is possible using estimated response factors.For the purpose of risk assessment of food, however, it is imperative to focus on the possible adverse effects, independent of whether they stem from one toxin or a combination of toxins. As toxicity is defined by functional and structural changes of biological systems, the development of a human-relevant in vitro system for appropriate risk assessment of marine biotoxins in seafood stands to reason. Moreover, poor correlation of human intoxications, of acute symptomatology and long-term adverse effects, and of predictive in vitro, in vivo, and analytical detection methodologies of marine biotoxins stems not least from a...

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Section: Pectenotoxin Poisoning (Pep)mentioning

confidence: 79%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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“…The differences (squares) between ostreocin-D and palytoxin are reported in the inset from the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis siamensis which also produce PTX and ostreocin D (42-hydroxy-3, 26-didemethyl-19, 44-dideoxypalytoxin) (Fig. 4), a PTX analog (Rhodes et al 2002;Taniyama et al 2003;Ukena et al 2001;. Recently, PTX and a new analogue, Ovatoxin-a have been identified in the Mediterranean Sea during a massive bloom of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata (Ciminiello et al 2006;Ciminiello et al 2008).…”

Section: Palytoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

Macieira‐Coelho¹

2005

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology

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“…lethal dose ( LD 50 ) of PlTX in mice range from 150 to 720 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) (Onuma et al, 1999;Rhodes et al, 2002;Riobó et al, 2008).…”

Section: Mouse Bioassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…administration in mice with reported LD 50 values ranging between 0.15 and 0.72 μg/kg b.w., with the latter value determined according to OECD Guideline 425 (Munday, 2006;Rhodes et al, 2002;Riobó et al, 2008). In rats, the 24 hour-LD 50 was 0.63 µg/kg b.w.…”

Section: Toxicity Following Intraperitoneal (Ip) Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish - Palytoxin group

2009

EFSA Journal

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The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) assessed the risks to human health related to the presence of palytoxin (PlTX)-group toxins in shellfish. PlTX-group toxins have mainly been detected in soft corals of the genus Palythoa and in algae of the genus Ostreopsis. Blooms of Ostreopsis spp. have recently been reported in some European countries. Occurrence of Ostreopsis spp. may result in contamination of shellfish intended for human consumption. Currently there are no regulations on PlTX-group toxins in shellfish, either in the European Union (EU), or in other regions of the world. The toxicological database of PlTX-group toxins is limited, comprising only acute toxicity studies for PlTX and ostreocin-D via several routes of administration in various animal species. The oral route was least sensitive. Acute toxicity and deaths have been reported from human outbreaks, but there are no reliable quantitative data on acute toxicity in humans. In view of the acute toxicity and the lack of chronic toxicity data for PlTX-group toxins, the CONTAM Panel was only able to derive an oral acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.2 µg/kg b.w. for the sum of PlTX and its analogue ostreocin-D. In order for a 60 kg adult to avoid exceeding the ARfD a 400 g portion of shellfish meat should not contain more than 12 µg of the sum of PlTX and ostreocin-D, corresponding to 30 µg/kg shellfish meat. The mouse bioassay (MBA) has been used to detect PlTX-group toxins, but cell based assays have been developed as alternative. However, positive results require confirmation by chemical methods. High performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods can be valuable tools for the determination, but method optimisation and validation as well as the development of certified reference materials and standards are necessary. KEY WORDSMarine biotoxins, palytoxin (PlTX)-toxin group toxins, shellfish, mussels, sea urchins, mouse bioassay (MBA), acute reference dose, portion size, methods of analysis, human health, risk assessment. PlTX-group toxins are complex polyhydroxylated compounds with both lipophilic and hydrophilic areas. At least 8 different PlTX analogues are known: PlTX, ostreocin-D, ovatoxin-A, homopalytoxin, bishomopalytoxin, neopalytoxin, deopalytoxin and 42-hydroxypalytoxin, but only for PlTX and ostreocin-D the chemical structure has been characterised. The occurrence data reported by European countries were limited and comprised only PlTX and ovatoxin-A in mussels and sea urchins. Currently there are no regulations on PlTX-group toxins in shellfish, either in the European Union (EU), or in other regions of the world.Signs and symptoms of PlTX-group toxins intoxication are not well-defined, but include myalgia and weakness, possibly accompanied by fever, nausea and vomiting. Fatalities appear to be rare although there are reports of severe cases, in which patients died after about 15 hours.The toxicological database is limit...

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Uptake of palytoxin‐like compounds by shellfish fedOstreopsis siamensis(Dinophyceae)

Abstract: Greenshell TM mussels (Perna canaliculus Gmelin), scallops (Pecten novaezealandiae

Cited by 78 publications

References 15 publications

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish - Palytoxin group

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