Upper Body Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia Are Associated with Anovulation

Morán, Carlos; Hernández, Eugenia; Ruíz, Julia E.; Fonseca, María Eugenia; Bermúdez, José; Zárate, Arturo

doi:10.1159/000010052

Cited by 56 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…According to previous studies (Moran et al, 1999;Singh, 1993;Singh & Young, 1995;2002;Van Hooff et al, 2000), the lower the WHR, the more attractive a woman will be rated. One purpose of the present study was to investigate whether participants would rate the lowest WHR as more attractive than higher WHRs while viewing images that vary not only in WHR but also in breast size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male and Female Perception of Physical Attractiveness

2016

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Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and breast size are morphological traits that are associated with female attractiveness. Previous studies using line drawings of women have shown that men across cultures rate low WHRs (0.6 and 0.7) as most attractive. In this study, we used additional viewing measurements (i.e., first fixation duration and visual regressions) to measure visual attention and record how long participants first focused on the female body and whether they regressed back to an area of interest. Additionally, we manipulated skin tone to determine whether they preferred light-or dark-skinned women. In two eye tracking experiments, participants rated the attractiveness of female nude images varying in WHR (0.5-0.9), breast size, and skin tone. We measured first fixation duration, gaze duration, and total time. The overall results of both studies revealed that visual attention fell mostly on the face, the breasts, and the midriff of the female body, supporting the evolutionary view that reproductively relevant regions of the female body are important to female attractiveness. Because the stimuli varied in skin tone and the participants were mainly Hispanic of Mexican American descent, the findings from these studies also support a preference for low WHRs and reproductively relevant regions of the female body.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male and Female Perception of Physical Attractiveness

2016

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“…Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared [14] . Waist circumference and hip circumference were measured to evaluate body fat distribution by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) [15] . Oligoor anovulation was considered when menstrual cycles were found to be longer than 35 days or less than 26 days, or if there was amenorrhea [6] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Related Disorders in Mexican Women

Morán¹,

Tena²,

Morán

et al. 2010

Gynecol Obstet Invest

127

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Background/Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been found to affect 4–8% of women of reproductive age; however, in Mexican-Americans a prevalence of 12.8% has been reported. This study determines the prevalence of PCOS in a sample of Mexican women. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 150 female Mexican volunteers aged 20–45 years. Menstrual cycles were recorded and hirsutism was graded. Pelvic ultrasound was performed and androgen levels were measured. PCOS was diagnosed by hyperandrogenism and/or hyperandrogenemia, and oligo-ovulation (NIH 1990 criteria), and also by 2 of 3 findings: oligo-ovulation, clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries (PCO) (Rotterdam 2003 criteria), excluding other disorders. Results: Nine of the 150 women were diagnosed with PCOS, a prevalence of 6.0% (95% CI: 1.9–10.1%), according to NIH criteria. The ultrasound morphology added one patient to give ten PCOS patients, a prevalence of 6.6% (95% CI: 2.3–10.9%) according to Rotterdam criteria. All PCOS patients presented oligo-ovulation, 9 had hirsutism and 7 of them had acne. Eight of the 10 PCOS patients had morphologic characteristics of PCO. Conclusion: The prevalence of PCOS in Mexican women is approximately 6.0%, similar to other populations, but lower than 12.8% reported in Mexican-American women.

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“…For example, compared to women with high WHR, women with a low WHR have fewer irregular menstrual cycles (Van Hooff, et al 2000), optimal sex profiles (Jasieńska et al 2004), ovulate more frequently (Moran, et al 1999), and have lower endocervical pH, which favors sperm penetration (Jenkins et al 1995). Low WHR is also an independent predictor of pregnancy in women attending an artificial insemination clinic (Zaadstra, et al 1993) and in women attempting in-vitro embryo fertilization transfer (Waas et al 1997).…”

Section: Whr Health and Reproductive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape and Significance of Feminine Beauty: An Evolutionary Perspective

Singh

2011

Sex Roles

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Evolutionary and feminist perspectives on female beauty are compatible in some respects, such as the oppressive and destructive outcomes for women as a consequence of the importance attached to female beauty. The perspectives tend to differ on the issue of the origins of (some) beauty standards. Evolutionary scientists have proposed that beauty is a reliable cue for women's health and fertility. However, as the factors regulating health and reproductive capabilities cannot be directly observed, sexual selection has fashioned psychological adaptations to attend to bodily features that are correlated with health and fertility. It is proposed that people resonate to such bodily features and find them attractive. One such bodily feature in women is gynoid body distribution (i.e., femalenormative body shape in which fat distribution is concentrated around hips and thighs). Gynoid body fat distribution is measured by the ratio of waist and hips circumferences (WHR). In this paper we summarize empirical evidence showing that WHR is an independent predictor for risks for major diseases, optimal hormonal profile, and reproductive capabilities. Next, we present findings from studies that demonstrate systematic variations in the size of WHR produce systematic changes in judgment of female attractiveness within diverse societies throughout the world. Such widespread appeal of low WHR suggests that people have evolved mental mechanisms to judge body features indicative of good health as attractive, meaning that some standards of beauty are not arbitrary or constructed. We conclude that a better understanding and appreciation of the beauty-health linkage can be empowering to women.

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Upper Body Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia Are Associated with Anovulation

Cited by 56 publications

References 15 publications

Male and Female Perception of Physical Attractiveness

Male and Female Perception of Physical Attractiveness

Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Related Disorders in Mexican Women

Shape and Significance of Feminine Beauty: An Evolutionary Perspective

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