Upcoming diagnostic biomarkers with promising prospects in neurological disorders

Abstract

In accordance with a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015, reported in Lancet Neurology, neurological disorders are ranked as the second-leading cause of deaths (9.4 million, comprising 16.8% of global deaths). These reports reflect the massive rise (36.7% increase between 1990 and 2015) in mortality due to neurological disorders. 1 The data evidently indicate that neurological disorders are becoming one of the prime causes of disability and death worldwide. Owing to such an alarming rise in neurological disorders over the past 25 years, the scenario demands substantial steps to be taken for their prevention and treatment. Neurological disorders include cognitive impairment, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). 2 It seems that each of these neurological conditions has a unique pathophysiology and therefore should be identified as distinguished conditions for their appropriate diagnosis and treatment. However, it has been well demonstrated in preceding research studies that these neurological disorders reflect similar symptoms and aetiology, ending up with an exhaustive and challenging diagnosis. Nevertheless, current investigation studies are coming up to objectively evaluate profoundly the molecular mechanisms that cause these neurological disorders, which would in turn aid in their proper diagnosis and treatment.The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorder is marked by various pathological alterations co-occurring in a particular brain tissue owing to the deposition of proteins or interactions happening therein that result in cognitive decline and clinical manifestation of that neurological disorder. 3 Therefore, the diagnosis of such neurodegenerative condition is mainly based on the identification of the pattern of Abstract An exponential increase in the prevalence of neurological disorders requires substantial steps to be taken for their prevention and treatment. Neurodiagnostic biomarkers are gaining momentum presently in order to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of neurodegenerative disorders, to precisely assess their advancement and to monitor the efficiency of therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the primary focus of the present review is the recent development in this field of neurodiagnostic biomarkers, and the current state of biomarker exploration in the context of various neurodegenerative diseases. This review encompasses an updated and detailed account of specific (β-Amyloid, Tau and Phospho-tau 181, Tar-DNA binding protein-43, Progranulin, asynuclein, Clusterin, etc) and non-specific (genetic, synaptic, inflammatory and coagulation) neurodiagnostic biomarkers and the recent advances in this growing field. This comprehensive review also suggests the utilization of neurodiagnostic markers in network approaches and personalized medication that will eventually improvise the existing diagnostic and therapeutic complexities of neurodiagnostic biomarkers. K E Y W O R D Snetwork approach, neurodiagnostic marker specific neurodiagnostic biomarker, n...