“…For some universities, FYS courses were most effective in either improving 4-year graduation rates (McGrath & Burd, 2012;Miller & Lesik, 2014;Schnell, Louis & Doetkott, 2003) or enhancing degree attainment within 5-years (Cambridge-Williams, Winsler, Kitsantas & Bernard, 2013;McGrath & Burd, 2012;Noble, Flynn, Lee & Hilton, 2007, Schnell, Louis & Doetkott, 2003. For other institutions, however, positive course effects were recorded for 4, 5, and 6-year graduation rates simultaneously (Lang, 2007;Starke, Harth, & Sirianni, 2001;Tuckman & Kennedy, 2011;Williford, Chapman, & Kahrig, 2001).…”