Unilateral Prefrontal Direct Current Stimulation Effects are Modulated by Working Memory Load and Gender

Meiron, Oded; Lavidor, Michal

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.05.014

Cited by 73 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the presence of distractors, DLPFC changes its communication with posterior regions to support maintenance. These results are supported by tDCS studies that assign the DLPFC an important role in STM in the presence of distractors (Gladwin et al, 2012; Meiron and Lavidor, 2013). Zanto and colleagues (2011) combined EEG with 1-Hz rTMS to the right inferior frontal junction to investigate the contribution of the prefrontal cortex in top-down modulation of visual processing and STM in a delayed-match-to-sample task.…”

Section: Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Of Learning And Memorysupporting

confidence: 65%

Learning and memory

Brem

Ran

Pascual‐Leone

2013

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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Section: Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Of Learning And Memorysupporting

confidence: 65%

Learning and memory

Brem

Ran

Pascual‐Leone

2013

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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“…That the asymmetry of the anterior cerebellum, which connects to the motorcortex, seems to be more pronounced in males accommodates with the more pronounced leftward asymmetry of the motor cortex in males. The lateral cerebellum, on the other hand, connects to the prefrontal cortex and higher cognitive functions, which according to some reports are associated with a sex-differentiated lateralization (Bolla et al, 2004; Meiron and Lavidor, 2013). Considering that no correlation could be detected with sex hormone levels or digit ratios, and that 47,XXY males and 46,XX females differed in a similar manner from 46,XY males, it would be plausible to assume that the observed group differences in cerebellar asymmetry could be linked to X-chromosome gene expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry of cerebral gray and white matter and structural volumes in relation to sex hormones and chromosomes

Savić

2014

Front. Neurosci.

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Whilst many studies show sex differences in cerebral asymmetry, their mechanisms are still unknown. This report describes the potential impact of sex hormones and sex chromosomes by comparing MR data from 39 male and 47 female controls and 33 men with an extra X-chromosome (47,XXY).Methods: Regional asymmetry in gray and white matter volumes (GMV and WMV) was calculated using voxel based moprhometry (SPM5), by contrasting the unflipped and flipped individual GMV and WMV images. In addition, structural volumes were calculated for the thalamus, caudate, putamen, amygdala, and hippocampus, using the FreeSurfer software. Effects of plasma testosterone and estrogen on the GMV and WMV, as well on the right/left ratios of the subcortical volumes were tested by multi-regression analysis.Results: All three groups showed a leftward asymmetry in the motor cortex and the planum temporale, and a rightward asymmetry of the middle occipital cortex. Both asymmetries were more pronounced in 46,XY males than 46,XX females and 47,XXY males, and were positively correlated with testosterone levels. There was also a rightward asymmetry of the vermis and leftward GMV asymmetry in the cerebellar hemispheres in all groups. Notably, cerebellar asymmetries were larger in 46,XX females and 47,XXY males, but were not related to sex hormone levels. No asymmetry differences between 46,XX females and 47,XXY males, and no overall effects of brain size were detected.Conclusion: The asymmetry in the planum temporale area and the occipital cortex seem related to processes associated with testosterone, whereas the observed cerebellar asymmetries suggest a link with X-chromosome escapee genes. Sex differences in cerebral asymmetry are moderated by sex hormones and X-chromosome genes, in a regionally differentiated manner.

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“…Recent studies suggest that the specifi c effects also depend in a non-linear fashion on stimulation intensity [34] , interindividual anatomical and demographic differences [35][36][37] , and task phase (learning versus overlearned [38] ), and that left prefrontal anodal tDCS can also improve performance in other working memory tasks [39] . Given the performancerelated alteration of oscillatory activity [31,40] , the contribution of theta activity to working memory performance was explored in subsequent studies.…”

Section: Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring prefrontal cortex functions in healthy humans by transcranial electrical stimulation

Kuo

Nitsche²

2015

Neurosci. Bull.

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The prefrontal cortex is involved in a multitude of cognitive, emotional, motivational, and social processes, so exploring its specifi c functions is crucial for understanding human experience and behavior. Functional imaging approaches have largely contributed to the enhancement of our understanding, but might have limitations in establishing causal relationships between physiology and the related psychological and behavioral processes. Non-invasive electrical stimulation with direct or alternating currents can help to enhance our understanding with regard to specific processes, and might provide future protocols able to improve them in case of malfunctions. We review the current state of the fi eld, and provide an outlook for future developments.

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Unilateral Prefrontal Direct Current Stimulation Effects are Modulated by Working Memory Load and Gender

Cited by 73 publications

References 23 publications

Learning and memory

Learning and memory

Asymmetry of cerebral gray and white matter and structural volumes in relation to sex hormones and chromosomes

Exploring prefrontal cortex functions in healthy humans by transcranial electrical stimulation

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