Unexpected and just missed: The separate influence of the appraisals of expectancy and proximity on negative emotions.

Bossuyt, Evelien; Moors, Agnes; Houwer, Jan De

doi:10.1037/a0034675

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 59 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Research on expectation–emotion connections has framed the difference between high and low expectations as a cost to high and a benefit to low (Bossuyt et al., ; Carroll et al., ; Mellers et al., ; Sweeny & Shepperd, ; Sweeny et al., ). This assumption, however, has gone untested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to decision affect theory (DAT) once an event happens—which either confirms or refutes the prior expectation—the canonical direct relation between thoughts and emotions inverses (Mellers, Schwartz, Ho, & Ritov, ). Post‐outcome, adults who previously thought positively (high expectations) feel worse than those who had thought negatively (low expectations): Unexpected losses feel worse than expected losses, and unexpected gains feel better than expected gains (Bossuyt, Moors, & De Houwer, ; Carroll, Sweeny, & Shepperd, ; Mellers et al., ; Sweeny, Reynolds, Falkenstein, Andrews, & Dooley, ; Sweeny & Shepperd, ). Neurobiological research further reveals different dopaminergic responses to unexpected versus expected outcomes in several animal species, including humans (Glimcher, ; Schultz, ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Is There a Downside to Anticipating the Upside? Children's and Adults’ Reasoning About How Prior Expectations Shape Future Emotions

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Four- to 10-year-olds and adults (N = 205) responded to vignettes involving three individuals with different expectations (high, low, and no) for a future event. Participants judged characters' pre-outcome emotions, as well as predicted and explained their feelings following three events (positive, attenuated, and negative). Although adults rated high-expectation characters more negatively than low-expectation characters after all outcomes, children shared this intuition starting at 6-7 years for negative outcomes, 8-10 years for attenuated, and never for positive. Comparison to baseline (no expectation) indicated that understanding the costs of high expectations emerges first and remains more robust across age than recognition that low expectations carry benefits. Explanation analyses further clarified this developing awareness about the relation between thoughts and emotions over time.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Downside to Anticipating the Upside? Children's and Adults’ Reasoning About How Prior Expectations Shape Future Emotions

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…An early paper saw greater persistence in a group receiving the XXO type than the OXX type (Strickland & Grote, 1967), and this finding was extended to psychophysiological arousal measures by Dixon et al (2013a). XXO reel configurations also exerted differential motivational effects (to XOX configurations) on decisions to take a second chance to 'repair the loss' (Bossuyt, Moors, & De Houwer, 2014). Most slot machines offer a larger 'field of view' that displays lines adjacent to the payline as well, enabling near-misses where the matching either stops just short, or passes through the payline to the next position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual effects of ‘losses disguised as wins’ and near-misses in a slot machine game

Sharman

Aitken

Clark

2015

International Gambling Studies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Individually, both near-misses and losses disguised as wins (LDWs) have been seen to exert pro-motivational effects on gambling. However, it is not clear whether both structural characteristics are effective within the same game. Participants (n ¼ 40) played a slot machine simulation. The simulation delivered near-misses, wins and 'fullmisses'. Half the participants also received LDWs that occurred independently of the outcomes on the payline. Valence and motivation ratings were collected after each round. Results showed that the LDW group reported increased valence ratings compared to the no-LDW group. Within the LDW group, trials with LDWs also resulted in increased enjoyment compared to trials without LDWs. We distinguished near-misses falling either side of the payline. Near-misses before the payline (NMB) were rated as more motivational than near-misses after the payline (NMA), whereas NMAs were rated as more aversive than NMBs. These differences between the two near-miss types were exacerbated by LDWs. Results demonstrate LDWs increase the trial-by-trial enjoyment of non-win outcomes. The motivational and hedonic effects of near-misses differed for events either side of the payline, and these differences were exaggerated by the presence of LDWs. Thus, near-misses can retain their effectiveness in complex forms of gambling that also deliver LDWs.

show abstract

“…For example, participants are requested to leave their hand rested on a dot presented on the middle, lower part of the computer screen and are asked to remove their hand as quickly as they can, once a stimulus is being presented. In addition, since angry stimuli are often related with approaching movements (see, for example Bossuyt et al, 2014 ), it is important to explore actions toward and away from different emotions in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger fosters action. Fast responses in a motor task involving approach movements toward angry faces and bodies

Valk¹,

Wijnen²,

Kret³

2015

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Efficiently responding to others’ emotions, especially threatening expressions such as anger and fear, can have great survival value. Previous research has shown that humans have a bias toward threatening stimuli. Most of these studies focused on facial expressions, yet emotions are expressed by the whole body, and not just by the face. Body language contains a direct action component, and activates action preparation areas in the brain more than facial expressions. Hence, biases toward threat may be larger following threatening bodily expressions as compared to facial expressions. The current study investigated reaction times of movements directed toward emotional bodies and faces. For this purpose, a new task was developed where participants were standing in front of a computer screen on which angry, fearful, and neutral faces and bodies were presented which they had to touch as quickly as possible. Results show that participants responded faster to angry than to neutral stimuli, regardless of the source (face or body). No significant difference was observed between fearful and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that the threat bias was not related to the negativity of the stimulus, but likely to the directness of the threat in relation to the observer. Whereas fearful stimuli might signal an environmental threat that requires further exploration before action, angry expressions signal a direct threat to the observer, asking for immediate action. This study provides a novel and implicit method to directly test the speed of actions toward emotions from the whole body.

show abstract

Unexpected and just missed: The separate influence of the appraisals of expectancy and proximity on negative emotions.

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

Is There a Downside to Anticipating the Upside? Children's and Adults’ Reasoning About How Prior Expectations Shape Future Emotions

Is There a Downside to Anticipating the Upside? Children's and Adults’ Reasoning About How Prior Expectations Shape Future Emotions

Dual effects of ‘losses disguised as wins’ and near-misses in a slot machine game

Anger fosters action. Fast responses in a motor task involving approach movements toward angry faces and bodies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About