Underwater Optical Wireless Communications: Overview

Spagnolo, Giuseppe Schirripa; Cozzella, Lorenzo; Leccese, Fabio

doi:10.3390/s20082261

Cited by 214 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Comment: Due to the comprehensiveness and wide-ranging scope, this chapter outlines just part of the advancements in OC leaving issues such as underwater OC [19] and Machine learning for OC [1] out of scope.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Optical Data Transmission and Security Systems

Domb¹

2021

Cryptography - Recent Advances and Future Developments

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Optical Communication (OC) for data transmission was introduced more than 30 years ago. It employs two main technologies, fiber optics using a physical wire and Free Space Optical (FSO) wireless transmission. Fiber optics has been well developed over the years in terms of distance, bandwidth, speed, reliability, and other enhancements that contribute to its use. Recent developments in FSO transmission has made it the mainstream and a better alternative compared to RF wireless transmission, concerning all parameters. In this chapter, we focus on advancements in OC that represent innovative ideas of how to enable new methods of secured optical data transmission in different ways and not simply as an extension to current methods and technologies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Optical Data Transmission and Security Systems

Domb¹

2021

Cryptography - Recent Advances and Future Developments

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“…In [30], they evaluated the continuous-variable quantum key distribution method over an underwater link by using MC simulation. They showed that the performance evaluated by MC simulation is more accurate due to considering the contribution of scattered photons and the system transceiver parameters compared to Beer's law which depended on wavelength and distance [31]. In [19], the channel capacity for various link distances, water types, and transceiver parameters were evaluated using MC simulation, and it was shown that the UOWC bandwidth for the clear, coastal, and harbor waters are in the order of hundreds of MHz, tens of MHz and MHz, respectively.…”

Section: Uowc Channel Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Scattering Noise in Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Majlesein

Ghassemlooy

2021

Sci

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In underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC), scattering of the propagating light beam results in both intensity and phase variations, which limit the transmission link range and channel bandwidth, respectively. Scattering of photons while propagating through the channel is a random process, which results in the channel-dependent scattering noise. In this work, we introduce for the first time an analytical model for this noise and investigate its effect on the bit error rate performance of the UOWC system for three types of waters and a range of transmission link spans. We show that, for a short range of un-clear water or a longer range of clear water, the number of photons experiencing scattering is high, thus leading to the increased scattering noise. The results demonstrate that the FEC limit of 3×10−3 and considering the scattering noise, the maximum link spans are 51.5, 20, and 4.6 m for the clear, coastal, and harbor waters, respectively.

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“…These include slow propagation speed, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, node mobility with water current, and high deployment costs. UWSNs are significantly different from terrestrial (radio) sensor networks as they utilize acoustic waves with comparatively lower loss and longer range in the underwater environment than electromagnetic and optical waves [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An AUV-Aided Cross-Layer Mobile Data Gathering Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Alfouzan

Ghoreyshi

Shahrabi

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have recently attracted much attention due to their ability to discover and monitor the aquatic environment. However, acoustic communication has posed some significant challenges, such as high propagation delay, low available bandwidth, and high bit error rate. Therefore, proposing a cross-layer protocol is of high importance to the field to integrate different communication functionalities (i.e, an interaction between data link layer and network layer) to interact in a more reliable and flexible manner to overcome the consequences of applying acoustic signals. In this paper, a novel Cross-Layer Mobile Data gathering (CLMD) scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is presented to improve the performance by providing the interaction between the MAC and routing layers. In CLMD, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is used to periodically visit a group of clusters which are responsible for data collection from members. The communications are managed by using a distributed cross-layer solution to enhance network performance in terms of packet delivery and energy saving. The cluster heads are replaced with other candidate members at the end of each operational phase to prolong the network lifetime. The effectiveness of CLMD is verified through an extensive simulation study which reveals the performance improvement in the energy-saving, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio with varying number of nodes. The effects of MAC protocols are also studied by studying the network performance under various MAC protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, goodput, and energy consumption with varying density of nodes.

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Underwater Optical Wireless Communications: Overview

Cited by 214 publications

References 131 publications

Advancements in Optical Data Transmission and Security Systems

Advancements in Optical Data Transmission and Security Systems

Investigation of the Scattering Noise in Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

An AUV-Aided Cross-Layer Mobile Data Gathering Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

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