Understanding Policy Change: Multiple Streams and National Education Curriculum Policy in Hong Kong

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the policymaking process of the Moral and National Education (MNE) curriculum in Hong Kong by employing Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework. The aim of the paper is threefold. First, it will describe the policy process of the national education curriculum policy as a foundation for the analysis. Second, the author will critically evaluate and apply Kingdon's MSF to examine the policymaking process, both to analyse how such policy came to be constructed as a problem and to consider the proposed policy solutions, as well as the surrounding political forces. Third, the analysis will identify the possible coupling of these lines of thought and the notions of -policy entrepreneurs‖ and -policy windows.‖ The MNE policy provided a good example of how a policy problem is constructed in various policy contexts, as well as how the solution is matched to the problem. Although the policy outcome is not entirely predictable, Kingdon's framework is excellent for explaining the likely outcomes. This paper contributes to the wider policy literature by bridging the East-West gap in policy analysis. It provides a better understanding of the policymaking process in Asian countries, and it should also prove useful to both education policy scholars and policymakers. Finally it suggests further research is needed on how social media affects each of Kingdon's streams in Hong Kong.

What predicts threat perceptions toward people opposing to the government? A population-based study following Umbrella Movement, Hong Kong

“…The political stances in Hong Kong are mainly divided into two camps: the pro-establishment camp and the pan-democratic camp (Ortmann, 2015; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2016). The pro-establishment camp in Hong Kong, also called pro-Beijing camp or proChina camp, refers to a political alignment that supports most if not all policies of the Beijing government toward Hong Kong (Chow, 2014). It also refers to the broader segments of the Hong Kong political parties that are closely linked with the Government of the PRC and HKSAR (Chow, 2014).…”

“…The pro-establishment camp in Hong Kong, also called pro-Beijing camp or proChina camp, refers to a political alignment that supports most if not all policies of the Beijing government toward Hong Kong (Chow, 2014). It also refers to the broader segments of the Hong Kong political parties that are closely linked with the Government of the PRC and HKSAR (Chow, 2014). In contrast, the pan-democratic camp embraces liberal values such as rule of law, human rights, and social justice.…”

“…In contrast, the pan-democratic camp embraces liberal values such as rule of law, human rights, and social justice. It refers to a political alignment in Hong Kong that supports democracy, including universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council (Chow, 2014;Tong, 2017). Protestors in the Umbrella Movement demanded immediate universal suffrage, which was against the plans announced by both PRC and HKSAR governments.…”

Montagem de Agenda no Comitê Itajaí: Uma Aplicação do Modelo de Kingdon

“…Ficou claro, para a diretoria do Comitê, que a proposta original de um só coeficiente para toda a indústria não angariava apoio dos representantes de usuários e não seria aprovada. Seguindo-se a análise de Chow (2014), constatou-se, aqui, que o fluxo de problemas pode ser considerado, de um lado, a necessidade de aprovar uma fórmula por parte da diretoria e, de outro, a busca por uma solução satisfatória (Stone, 2002) por parte dos representantes dos usuários. Não existem elementos que apoiem a ideia de mudança nos indicadores, nem eventos focalizadores (Kingdon, 2003) que levem a essa modificação -a menos que se coloque a aprovação do Plano de Bacia como um evento focalizador, mas não se adota esta perspectiva por se compreendê-la como um processo multifacetado, não como um evento.…”

“…Travis e Zahariadis (2002) o encaram como um grande avanço no estudo das políticas, mas reconhecem que, apesar dos elogios, foi pouco aplicado empiricamente fora dos Estados Unidos. Este artigo busca fazer uma aplicação no Brasil, da mesma forma que Chow (2014) realizou uma aplicação em Hong Kong.…”