Understanding low-lipid algae hydrothermal liquefaction characteristics and pathways through hydrothermal liquefaction of algal major components: Crude polysaccharides, crude proteins and their binary mixtures

Application of Algae as Cosubstrate To Enhance the Processability of Willow Wood for Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction

“…In the same time, a reduction of solid products formation and an increase of the biocrude yield from carbohydrates is noticed when alkalis are used 19 . Proteins, a major constituent of microalgae, generate slightly higher biocrude yields, between 16 wt% and 30 wt% 49,50 . A large fraction of the proteins, between 35 wt% and 80 wt%, will form water soluble compounds and only small amounts will be converted into gases or solids 52,50 .…”

Co-cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa to improve nutrient removal and protein content by their synergistic relationship

“…Microalgae are rich in protein, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, cytochromes (such as chlorophyll, astaxanthin and lutein) and other important bio-active substances, which can be widely used in animal feed. 13 At present, the main functions of microalgae, such as Arthrospira (Spirulina), Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Nannochloropsis, and Cryptocaryon sinensis, used as feed additives 14 are as follows: (1) they are nutrient-rich with a protein content of as high as 50% or more, which signicantly increases its nutritional value, 15 (2) it enriches the feed with pcarotene, astaxanthin and lutein and other high-efficiency antioxidants, which can improve the immune function of animals, and (3) it enriches the feed with polysaccharides, which regulate the life process of cells and improve the body's immunity. By feeding animals with algae or yeast biomass, it can signicantly improve the saturated fatty acid content of meat, eggs and milk.…”

Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae for the production of renewable biofuels

“…A comprehensive mechanistic study of algal HTL by Biller and Ross found that biochemical components contributed to bio‐crude formation in the order lipids > proteins > carbohydrates. In a similar study examining specifically low‐lipid algae, Yang et al . confirmed that proteins made a greater contribution to bio‐crude oil yields than polysaccharides, albeit at the expense of inflated nitrogen content.…”

“…The mechanistic pathways and common products observed have been reviewed extensively elsewhere and include hydrocarbons, sugars, organic acids, free fatty acids, glycerol, aldehydes, furfural derivatives, amino acids, cyclic and polycyclic nitrogenous species, asphaltenes, and a wide range of others …”