Understanding degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells due to electrochemical metallization effect

Improved Operational Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells via Au Barrier Layer Incorporation

“…10,13,14 Different metal electrodes show very different stabilities in PSCs due to their distinct chemical properties, for instance, redox potential. 5,8,10,12 Severe decomposition of perovskites is demonstrated when using Al, 10,15 Ag, 11,14,16 or Cu top electrodes 11,12 by exhaustion of iodine in the active layer due to the formation of metal iodide, for instance, AgI. Moreover, in our previous study, it is demonstrated that the electrochemical metallization effect contributes much to the degradation of metal-electrode devices as well under operation, 12 in which electrode metals get ionized first by reaction with a halide.…”

“…5,8,10,12 Severe decomposition of perovskites is demonstrated when using Al, 10,15 Ag, 11,14,16 or Cu top electrodes 11,12 by exhaustion of iodine in the active layer due to the formation of metal iodide, for instance, AgI. Moreover, in our previous study, it is demonstrated that the electrochemical metallization effect contributes much to the degradation of metal-electrode devices as well under operation, 12 in which electrode metals get ionized first by reaction with a halide. Then, the ionized metals migrate to the counter electrode under the electrical field and get plated there by reduction reaction.…”

“…Moreover, in our previous study, it is demonstrated that the electrochemical metallization effect contributes much to the degradation of metal-electrode devices as well under operation, in which electrode metals get ionized first by reaction with a halide. Then, the ionized metals migrate to the counter electrode under the electrical field and get plated there by reduction reaction . The process occurs even without the presence of moisture and illumination, which not only corrodes/strips the top metal electrode but also facilitates the perovskite decomposition by depleting halogens and can even dominate device degradation and failure …”

“…Among diverse degradations, − metal electrode corrosion due to reactions with halide molecules has been widely observed and confirmed in different devices. − It can seriously impact the device decay and even dominate and determine the device lifetime, − under long-term operation. In the process, halide compounds, for instance, HI, NH 4 I, and so forth, as decomposition products of perovskites, can diffuse through the electron/hole-transporting layer (ETL/HTL) to reach the metal electrode and even reach the outer surface of the electrode via pinholes where they corrode the electrode by a redox reaction. ,, Different metal electrodes show very different stabilities in PSCs due to their distinct chemical properties, for instance, redox potential. ,,, Severe decomposition of perovskites is demonstrated when using Al, , Ag, ,, or Cu top electrodes , by exhaustion of iodine in the active layer due to the formation of metal iodide, for instance, AgI. Moreover, in our previous study, it is demonstrated that the electrochemical metallization effect contributes much to the degradation of metal-electrode devices as well under operation, in which electrode metals get ionized first by reaction with a halide.…”

Electrodeposition as a Versatile Preparative Tool for Perovskite Photovoltaics: Aspects of Metallization and Selective Contacts/Active Layer Formation

“…[ 81 ] Wu and coworkers identified bismuth (Bi) as a stable metallic interlayer, [ 82 ] while others extended the lifetime of solar cells by introducing metal oxide nanoparticles [ 83 ] or sputtered ITO. [ 84 ] The latter method is particularly interesting and attractive since it is compatible with silicon/perovskite tandem PV, where a transparent electrode must be deposited on top of the perovskite wide gap cell. [ 85 ] The coupling of silicon and PSCs is considered one the most useful application of perovskite PV thanks to the mature industrial chain of silicon PV.…”