Ultraviolet Radiation in Alpine Skiing

Rigel, Ethan G.; Lebwohl, Mark; Rigel, Adam C.; Rigel, Darrell S.

doi:10.1001/archderm.139.1.60

Cited by 60 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The median daily dose received by the children in this study is lower than that obtained by other studies 42,72 . The observed differences in terms of dose received by the subjects in the present study with respect to the others could be due to different study design factors, such as different times of the year, different dosimeter positions and mainly that the skiers in these two papers were professionals who were outdoors for about 8 h.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…Epidemiological studies have shown that skiers are at a higher risk of skin cancer 71 . In 2003, Rigel et al 72 studied skiers' UV exposure in Vail (Colorado) and found that they were exposed to UVR that can cause skin photoaging and potentially increase the risk of developing skin cancer. The subjects in this study received a mean UV dose of 6.21 SED (range 1.2-18.5 SED), when more than two thirds of the skiers were exposed to more than 5 SED per day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers

Serrano

Cañada

Moreno

2013

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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Cañada, J.; Moreno, J. (2013). Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 12(11):1976-1983. doi:10.1039/c3pp50154j. ♦Professor Dr. Javier Cañada passed away in January when the study was finished. Erythemal Ultraviolet Solar Radiation Doses Received by Young SkiersMaría-Antonia Serrano The purpose of this study is to quantify UV exposure of young skiers in their training or recreational schedules, using VioSpor personal dosimeters and the results indicated that this group is exposed to UV radiation levels that can potentially cause skin damage and erythema and increase the risk of skin cancer in later life. . 2 AbstractChildren are a special group since the epidemiological evidence indicates that excessive exposure to sunlight at an early age increases the risk of skin cancer in later life. The purpose of this study is to quantify children's UV exposure when skiing, using dosimeters (VioSpor) placed on the shoulders of 10 participants. The children received a median daily Standard Erythema Dose of 2.1 within a range of 4.9-0.71, this being approximately 35% of the calculated 24 h ambient UV radiation on the horizontal plane.According to the results obtained, young skiers are exposed to UV radiation that can potentially cause skin damage and erythema and increase the risk of skin cancer in the course of a lifetime. These findings emphasise the need for adequate protective measures against solar radiation when skiing. The results also suggest that sunprotection campaigns should be undertaken aimed at children engaged in outdoor sports, including winter activities.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers

Serrano

Cañada

Moreno

2013

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…Another study measured alpine skiers who got 0.5-7.6 times the minimum erythemal dose (MED), or the minimum amount of UV dose needed to produce a mild sunburn, for white individuals with skin type II and 10% got more than 1 MED/h during peak exposure times. 48 Furthermore, Robinson et al 25 found that sunburn doses of UVB yielded fewer animals with melanoma than suberythemal UVB doses (175 J/m 2 ), which yielded the greatest percentage of opossums with melanomas. In fact, the percentage of animals with melanomas decreased with increasing UVB dose in a linear dose-dependent manner (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To show a lack of bias, we also analyzed the data of all the countries listed inTable 1A and included Italy, Spain, and Portugal and found a similar exponential increase in the CMM incidences with a slightly reduced slope (results not shown). The temporal data in Figure 2 was plotted from the averaged data in Figure 3, we compare female and males in the northern (averaged [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] N for »50 N) and southern (averaged all countries above 55 N for »60 N) regions of Europe from the averaged data in Table 3. In some of our analyses ( Table 1A), western Europe <17 E (Table 1B), and eastern Europe >17 E ( Table 1C).…”

Section: Temporal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors

Merrill

Ashrafi

Subramanian

et al. 2015

Dermato-Endocrinology

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(2015) Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors, Dermato-Endocrinology, 7:1, e1004018, DOI: 10.1080DOI: 10. /19381980.2014 For several decades the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) steadily increased in fair-skinned, indoor-working people around the world. Scientists think poor tanning ability resulting in sunburns initiate CMM, but they do not understand why the incidence continues to increase despite the increased use of sunscreens and formulations offering more protection. This paradox, along with lower incidences of CMM in outdoor workers, although they have significantly higher annual UV doses than indoor workers have, perplexes scientists. We found a temporal exponential increase in the CMM incidence indicating second-order reaction kinetics revealing the existence of 2 major risk factors. From epidemiology studies, we know one major risk factor for getting CMM is poor tanning ability and we now propose the other major risk factor may be the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) because clinicians find b HPVs in over half the biopsies. Moreover, we uncovered yet another paradox; the increasing CMM incidences significantly correlate with decreasing personal annual UV dose, a proxy for low vitamin D 3 levels. We also discovered the incidence of CMM significantly increased with decreasing personal annual UV dose from 1960, when it was almost insignificant, to 2000. UV and other DNA-damaging agents can activate viruses, and UV-induced cytokines can hide HPV from immune surveillance, which may explain why CMM also occurs in anatomical locations where the sun does not shine. Thus, we propose the 2 major risk factors for getting CMM are intermittent UV exposures that result in low cutaneous levels of vitamin D 3 and possibly viral infection.

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“…Mountaineering and cycling are among the outdoor recreational activities with the highest measured UV exposure and the largest number of studies. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] However, there are few studies on the UV exposure of runners 28 and tennis players 28,31 while performing their sport.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal UV exposure for different outdoor sports

Serrano

Cañada

Moreno

et al. 2014

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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The aim of this paper is to measure UV exposure for three groups of amateur athletes in their training/recreational schedules, using VioSpor personal dosimeters and we found that two of these groups exceeded the international UV threshold level for non sun-adapted Mediterranean skin.. . AbstractExposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental risk factor in the development of skin cancers and it occurs mainly during outdoor activities. The purpose of this study is to quantify the UV exposure suffered by amateur athletes (tennis players, hikers and runners) in their training schedules. The study on tennis player exposure took place at a tennis club in Valencia during the month of June 2011. With respect to the hiking group, the hikes studied took place in several mountainous areas of Spain andFrance from June to August 2011. Finally, the exposure suffered by ten runners, while participating in a running circuit in the province of Valencia, from March to November 2011, was studied. The athletes were monitored using personal dosimeters (VioSpor), with the tennis players and runners wearing them on the wrist, and the hikers on the shoulder. The median daily personal UV exposure for the hikers was 8.1 Standard Erythema Dose (SED), and for the tennis players 7.5 SED, per day of training. The runners received a median of 14.6 SED while participating in the running circuit, and about 2 SED per competition day. Median daily UV exposure of the hikers and tennis players exceeded 5 SED, which means that, in the case of non sun-adapted skin type III and the non-use of sun protection, erythema may be induced in these subjects. However, the exposure suffered by the runners did not exceed the maximum personal exposure of 5 SED. Accordingly, it is necessary to encourage the use of high protection sunscreens and protective clothing, and to avoid UV exposure in the hottest part of the day.

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Ultraviolet Radiation in Alpine Skiing

Cited by 60 publications

References 9 publications

Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers

Erythemal ultraviolet solar radiation doses received by young skiers

Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors

Personal UV exposure for different outdoor sports

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