Ultrastructure and Recrystallization of Plant Epicuticular Waxes

Jeffree, C. E.; Baker, E. A.; Holloway, Peter J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb01417.x

Cited by 158 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This most likely results in an altered surface hydrophobicity of the transgenic Arabidopsis leaves. It is known that the composition of aliphatic lipids determines the microstructure of wax crystals and that this has an impact on the water-repelling property of the leaf surface (Jeffree et al, 1975;Barthlott and Neinhuis, 1997). The surface of the rosette leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis plants is smooth and contains almost no wax crystals.…”

Section: Atltpi-4 Affects Extracellular Lipid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

Deeken

Saupe

Klinkenberg³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins reversibly bind different types of lipid molecules in a hydrophobic cavity. They facilitate phospholipid transfer between membranes in vitro, play a role in cuticle and possibly in suberin formation, and might be involved in plant pathogen defense signaling. This study focuses on the role of the lipid transfer protein AtLTPI-4 in crown gall development. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) crown gall tumors, which develop upon infection with the virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, highly expressed AtLTPI-4. Crown galls of the atltpI-4 loss-of-function mutant were much smaller compared with those of wild-type plants. The gene expression pattern and localization of the protein to the plasma membrane pointed to a function of AtLTPI-4 in cell wall suberization. Since Arabidopsis crown galls are covered by a suberin-containing periderm instead of a cuticle, we analyzed the suberin composition of crown galls and found a reduction in the amounts of long-chain fatty acids (C 18:0 ) in the atltpI-4 mutant. To demonstrate the impact of AtLtpI-4 on extracellular lipid composition, we expressed the protein in Arabidopsis epidermis cells. This led to a significant increase in the very-long-chain fatty acids C 24 and C 26 in the cuticular wax fraction. Homology modeling and lipid-protein-overlay assays showed that AtLtpI-4 protein can bind these very-long-chain fatty acids. Thus, AtLtpI-4 protein may facilitate the transfer of long-chain as well as very-long-chain fatty acids into the apoplast, depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. In crown galls, which endogenously express AtLtpI-4, it is involved in suberin formation.

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Section: Atltpi-4 Affects Extracellular Lipid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

Deeken

Saupe

Klinkenberg³

et al. 2016

Plant Physiol.

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“…Such occurrences suggest that the exuding wax does not have a uniform composition (39). One of us (39) has concluded earlier that the organ and cell specific morphology of the wax bodies, often called crystals (see 15), depends on the chemical composition of the exudate, as well as on the way and rate by which the wax is exuded through the cuticle. This is supported by studies on the in vitro formation of wax bodies (crystals) from waxes dissolved in organic solvents.…”

Section: Chain Length Distributions Of the Lipid Classes On Cer-u 69 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of epicuticular waxes on barley spikes

Wettstein-Knowles

Netting

1976

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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Hydrocarbons, alkan-l-ol and alkan-2-ol containing esters, 13-diketones, aldehydes, primary alcohols, hydroxy-13-diketones, free fatty acids and sometimes secondary alcohols are major lipid classes of epicuticular waxes on the spikes of the three wild type barley varieties Bonus, Foma and Carlsberg-ll and many of the 40 eceriferum (cer) mutants examined. Division of the spikes into two parts, the awns and the spike minus awns, before wax isolation reveals that (i) 13-diketones, hydroxy-13-diketones and esterified alkan-2-ols occur only on the spike minus awns, (ii) secondary alcohols are present only on the awns of Foma and its mutants and (iii) the other lipid classes are found on both parts of the spike. The chain length distributions of the lipid classes common to both parts of the spike are in some cases similar and in others different.

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“…Predominance of alkyl acids, alkanes and alkyl alcohols as wax constituents is common in other groups within monocotyledons (e.g., Freeman & Turner 1985;Avato et al 1990;Meusel et al 1994;Barthlott et al 1998). Jeffree et al (1975) considered that competition of certain wax mixtures may occur among constituents for expression of their typical morphologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Características micromorfológicas e químicas das ceras cuticulares de Cleistes (Orchidaceae, Pogonieae)

2008

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-[Micromorphological and chemical characteristics of cuticular waxes of Cleistes (Orchidaceae, Pogonieae)]. Micromorphology of cuticular waxes of leaves of 13 species of South American Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl. (Vanilloideae: Pogonieae) were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Chemical constituents of the waxes of eleven species were identified by gas chromatography. The observations were carried out with individuals of native populations occurring in South, Southeastern, Northeastern and Central-Western Brazil. The micromorphology of the cuticular waxes varied from amorphous deposits to parallel stacked platelets. The latter morphological pattern seems to be more common in plants from dryer habitats. Alkyl acids are predominant constituents of waxes of most species. Alkyl alcohols predominate in other species and alkanes are predominant in only one of the studied species. Alkyl esters, monoglycerides and sterols are minor compounds, having not been detected in some species. Either hexadecanoic or octadecanoic are main homologues of alkyl acids; regarding alkyl alcohol homologue distribution, hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol predominates; pentacosane, heptacosane, octacosane, nonacosane and hentriacontane predominate in alkane homologue distributions. No correlation exists between chemical composition and micromorphology of the wax deposits. Stomata distribution restricted to the adaxial or on both foliar surfaces, morphology of wax deposits and chemical composition do not correlate with molecular phylogeny. On the other hand, all these attributes may be useful for species characterization and distinction between species.Resumo -[Características micromorfológicas e químicas das ceras cuticulares de Cleistes (Orchidaceae, Pogonieae)]. A micromorfologia das ceras cuticulares em folhas de 13 espécies de Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl. (Vanilloideae: Pogonieae) sul-americanas foram observadas com o auxílio de um microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os componentes químicos das ceras epicuticulares de 11 espécies foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Todas as análises foram feitas com amostras coletadas no campo, a partir de populações nativas, nas regiões sul, sudeste, nordeste e centro-oeste do Brasil. A micromorfologia das ceras epicuticulares variou desde depósitos amorfos até pequenas placas paralelamente orientadas. A presença de ceras epicuticulares formando placas é mais comum em plantas que ocorrem em ambientes secos. Ácidos alquílicos são os principais constituintes das ceras epicuticulares da maioria das espécies do gênero. Álcoois alquílicos predominam em outras espécies e alcanos são os principais constituintes das ceras de uma das espécies. Ésteres alquílicos, mono-glicerídeos e esteróis são encontrados em pequenas quantidades, e não estão presentes em todas as espécies. O ácido hexadecanóico ou o octadecanóico são os homólogos principais de ácidos alquílicos; em relação à distribuição de álcoois alquílicos, predominam octacosanol e triacontanol; pentacosano, heptacosano, octacosa...

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Ultrastructure and Recrystallization of Plant Epicuticular Waxes

Cited by 158 publications

References 23 publications

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls

Composition of epicuticular waxes on barley spikes

Características micromorfológicas e químicas das ceras cuticulares de Cleistes (Orchidaceae, Pogonieae)

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