Ultrastructural changes of lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine

Abstract

The increased lysosome content in different lymphocyte subpopulations might contribute to the mechanism of olanzapine efficacy.

Thrombocytopenia and Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage After Olanzapine Therapy

“…4,5 Studies have evaluated the serotonin metabolism effects of olanzapine on platelet structure, which leads to decreases in platelet count. [6][7][8] Several case reports detail the relationship of such platelet count changes over a short period, ranging from a few days to several months. [9][10][11][12] Additionally, when platelet levels are below 10 to 20 × 10 3 /μL, the risk for spontaneous bleeding, particularly intracranial hemorrhage, increases.…”

Microglia and Other Cellular Mediators of Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Narrative Synthesis of Clinical Findings

“…Importantly, these changes were specific to SCZ but not patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), thus providing further evidence of the utility of monocyte-related markers as a distinguishing feature between these two neuropsychiatric conditions. Increased expression of a canonical activation marker, HLA-DR, was also observed in SCZ monocytes, along with changes in their phagocytic activity during acute psychotic onset [ 81 , 82 ]. Alterations in cytokine production were also observed in inflammatory mediators, such as the production of IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) [ 83 ] from SCZ monocytes, which was accompanied by a higher response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation [ 84 ].…”

“…Consistent with this finding, some authors observed that SCZ neutrophils exhibited an increased expression of various markers of oxidative stress, such as malonaldehyde [ 122 ] and superoxide anion [ 123 , 124 ]. While several studies reported increased phagocytic activity of SCZ neutrophils, the magnitude of the observed increase differed significantly [ 81 , 124 ]. In summary, while certain details regarding the mechanistic involvement of neutrophils in various clinical aspects of SCZ pathogenesis remain to be confirmed in large-scale studies, most of the evidence suggests that these sentinel innate immune cells play an important role in peripheral immune dysfunction/inflammation in SCZ.…”

“…Monocytes Increased total monocyte counts [62][63][64] Increased classical monocyte counts [66] Increased pro-inflammatory monocyte counts [67] Increased monocyte to lymphocyte ratio [68] Increased monocyte to HDL ratio [72,73] Increased TREM1/2 [79,80] Increased ATF3/EGR3 [78] Increased HLA-DR [82] Increased phagocytosis [81] Increased IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α [83,85,86] Increased CD36 [93] Increased reactive oxygen species [92] Alterations in TLR4 signaling [84,87,88] Unique interferon gene signature [77] Reduced GLUT1 [89] Granulocytes Increased neutrophil counts [68,94-99] Increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio [100,101] Increased oxidative stress [108] Increased malonaldehyde [122] Increased superoxide anion [123,123] Increased phagocytosis [81,124] Natural killer cells Increased total counts [68] Decreased total counts [125][126][127] No change in total counts [128] Increased cytotoxicity [132] Decreased cytotoxicity [129,130] No change in cytotoxicity [121] Increased NKG2C [133] Increased S100B [134] Table 1. Cont.…”